Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "If it is a .rda or .RData file, it will open in both."

A block of code is set as follows:

#Load XML library
library(XML)

#URL Public API Worldbank Data Catalog in XML format
url <- "http://api.worldbank.org/v2/datacatalog?format=xml"

#Load XML document
xml.obj <- xmlTreeParse(url)

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

> class(xml.obj)
[1] "XMLDocument" "XMLAbstractDocument"

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "In RStudio, whenever a function is declared, it will appear in the Environment section under the Functions section:"