Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "We can see that running the pattern_create.rb script from the /tools/exploit/ directory, for a pattern of 1000 bytes, will generate the preceding output."

A block of code is set as follows:

def exploit
    connect
    weapon = "HEAD "
    weapon << make_nops(target['Offset'])
    weapon << generate_seh_record(target.ret)
    weapon << make_nops(19)
    weapon << payload.encoded
    weapon << " HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n"
    sock.put(weapon)
    handler
    disconnect
  end
end

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

    weapon << make_nops(target['Offset'])
    weapon << generate_seh_record(target.ret)
    weapon << make_nops(19)
    weapon << payload.encoded

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

irb(main):003:1> res = a ^ b
irb(main):004:1> return res

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "We can see we have scanned the entire network and found two hosts running FTP services, which are TP-LINK FTP server and FTP Utility FTP server."