Visual Studio 2017

Visual Studio 2017 is the latest version of VS at the time of writing. It supersedes VS 2015 and unfortunately drops support for some versions of Windows. For example, it still supports Windows 7, but the installer will refuse to run on Windows 8. This is because 8.1 is considered a service pack for 8 and you are strongly encouraged by Microsoft to upgrade to 8.1. However, Microsoft will encourage you even more strongly to upgrade to Windows 10, some would say too strongly:

The Long-Term Service Branch (LTSB) of Windows 10 is similarly listed as not supporting Visual Studio. However, the installer won't actually refuse to run and everything will work fine.

In newer versions of VS 2017, the .NET Framework can be shipped separately to the IDE, and you can install additional ones (such as .NET Core 2.0) to enable their use in the IDE. VS 2017 also supports debugging in a container so that you can run your code in a Linux VM while still stepping through it from Windows.