Monolithic applications to microservices

Most applications start as a monolith. Amazon (http://highscalability.com/amazon-architecture) started with a monolithic Perl (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl) /C++ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B) application, and Twitter (http://highscalability.com/blog/2013/7/8/the-architecture-twitter-uses-to-deal-with-150m-active-users.html) started with a monolithic Rails (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails) application. Both organizations have not only gone through more than three generations of software architectural changes, but have also transformed their organizational structures over time. Today, all of them are running on microservices with teams organized around services that are developed, deployed, scaled, and monitored by the same team independently. They have mastered continuous integration and continuous delivery pipelines with automated deployment, scaling, and monitoring of services for real-time feedback to the team.