Chapter 3, Working with Genomes, not only deals with high-quality references—such as the human genome—but also discusses how to analyze other low-quality references typical in nonmodel species. It introduces GFF processing, teaches you to analyze genomic feature information, and discusses how to use gene ontologies.

Chapter 4, Population Genetics, describes how to perform population genetics analysis of empirical datasets. For example, on Python, we could perform Principal Components Analysis, computer F_ST, or structure/admixture plots.

Chapter 5, Population Genetics Simulation, covers simuPOP, an extremely powerful Python-based forward-time population genetics simulator. This chapter shows you how to simulate different selection and demographic regimes. It also briefly discusses coalescent simulation.

Chapter 6, Phylogenetics, uses complete sequences of recently sequenced Ebola viruses to perform real phylogenetic analysis, which includes tree reconstruction and sequence comparisons. This chapter discusses recursive algorithms to process tree-like structures.

Chapter 7, Using the Protein Data Bank, focuses on processing PDB files, for example, performing the geometric analysis of proteins. This chapter takes a look at protein visualization.

Chapter 8, Bioinformatics Pipelines, introduces two types of pipelines. The first type of pipeline is Python-based Galaxy, a widely used system with a web-interface targeting mostly non-programming users, although bioinformaticians might still have to interact with it programmatically. The second type is Airflow, a type of pipeline that targets programmers.

Chapter 9, Python for Big Genomics Datasets, discusses high-performance programming techniques necessary to handle big datasets. It briefly discusses parallel processing with Dask and Spark. Code optimization frameworks (such as Numba or Cython) are introduced. Finally, efficient file formats such as HDF5 or Parquet are presented.

Chapter 10, Other Topics in Bioinformatics, talks about how to analyze data made available by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and how to use Cytoscape, a powerful platform to visualize complex networks. This chapter also looks at how to work with geo-referenced data and map-based services.

Chapter 11, Advanced NGS Processing, covers advanced programming techniques to filter NGS data. These include the use of Mendelian datasets that are then analyzed by standard statistics and machine learning techniques.