Introduction

We were introduced to the basic concepts of different fundamental data structures in the previous chapter. We learned about lists, sets, dictionaries, tuples, and strings. However, what we have covered so far were only basic operations on those data structures. They have much more to offer once you learn how to utilize them effectively. In this chapter, we will venture further into the land of data structures. We will learn about advanced operations and manipulations and use fundamental data structures to represent more complex and higher-level data structures; this is often handy while wrangling data in real life. These higher-level topics will include stacks, queues, interiors, and file operations.

In this chapter, we will also learn how to open a file using built-in Python methods and about the many different file operations, such as reading and writing data, and safely closing files once we are done. We will also take a look at some of the problems to avoid while dealing with files.