官术网_书友最值得收藏!

Passing a query to MySQL

We have just seen how to form a query for a generic MySQL session. While that was not particularly difficult, using MySQL for Python is even easier. For this next section, we will be working against a database fish with a table menu that has the following contents:

+----+----------------+-------+
| id | name | price |
+----+----------------+-------+
| 1 | tuna | 7.50 | 
| 2 | bass | 6.75 | 
| 3 | salmon | 9.50 | 
| 4 | catfish | 5.00 | 
| 5 | trout | 6.00 | 
| 6 | haddock | 6.50 | 
| 7 | yellowfin tuna | 12.00 | 
+----+----------------+-------+

As discussed in Chapter 1, Python's interface with MySQL requires a cursor. It is through the cursor object that we pass commands to MySQL. So, we import MySQL for Python, log into our database fish and create the cursor as follows:

import MySQLdb
mydb = MySQLdb.connect(host = 'localhost', 
                       user = 'skipper', 
                       passwd = 'mysecret', 
                       db = 'fish')
cur = mydb.cursor()

A simple SELECT statement

To pass a command to MySQL, we use the execute() method that we briefly covered in the last chapter. The execute() method, as the name implies, expects an argument of what is to be executed by Python. In other words, it takes the MySQL sentence or statement as its argument. Its basic syntax is as follows:

results_variable = cursor_handle.execute('MySQL statement')

In practice, it looks like this:

command = cur.execute('SELECT * FROM menu')

As you might surmise from the previous discussion on SELECT, this returns all rows of the table menu.

You will notice that we did not have to specify the database in the execute() call. This is because it was already specified in the MySQLdb.connect() call. Each connection represents one database being accessed in the name of one user on one host. If any of those dynamics need to change, a new connection object becomes necessary. It is possible to create a connection without declaring a database at the outset, but a database must be specified before a cursor can be created or a query made.

Unlike in the MySQL shell, the execute() call here does not immediately return the results. They are held in system memory (RAM) until you tell MySQL for Python what you want to do with them. This is another reason why it is important to mind your use of system resources in the use of HAVING and LIMIT, as mentioned previously.

For the purposes of illustration, we can pull down all of the results in one go. To do this, we use the fetchall() method of the cursor object.

results = command.fetchall()

At this point, the results have now passed from MySQL for Python into the calling program's resource matrix. The fetchall() method returns its results as a series of tuples. Printing the value of results shows the following:

>>> print results
((1L, 'tuna', Decimal('7.50')), (2L, 'bass', Decimal('6.75')), (3L, 'salmon', Decimal('9.50')), (4L, 'catfish', Decimal('5.00')), (5L, 'trout', Decimal('6.00')), (6L, 'haddock', Decimal('6.50')), (7L, 'yellowfin tuna', Decimal('12.00')))

This is obviously far from human-friendly. However, we can now use Python's own data-handling resources to parse it. In programming terms, we now have greater control over our data and can present it as we want. So let's create a loop to iterate through the results and print the results in a formatted way.

>>> for record in results:
... print record[0] , “-->”, record[1] , “ @”, record[2], “each”
... 
1 --> tuna @ 7.50 each
2 --> bass @ 6.75 each
3 --> salmon @ 9.50 each
4 --> catfish @ 5.00 each
5 --> trout @ 6.00 each
6 --> haddock @ 6.50 each
7 --> yellowfin tuna @ 12.00 each

Modifying the results

The last query could easily have returned more results than we could use. As mentioned previously, this is why the SELECT command comes with a comprehensive suite of modifiers to nuance one's query and, hopefully, use a minimal amount of system resources.

To use GROUP BY, ORDER BY, or any of the other clauses that one can add to a SELECT statement, one simply adds them to the MySQL statement that is passed to the execute() method.

If you wanted to retrieve information only on fish whose price is greater than $7, you would need to sort through the data again and find the record with the matching name. Better to let MySQL do the dirty work. Using the preceding simple query (see Where under Other helpful quantifiers), we can do the following:

command = cur.execute("""SELECT * FROM menu WHERE price > 7""")
results = command.fetchall()
for record in results:
    print record[0], ". ", record[1], "(%s)" %record[2]

The results would be:

1 . tuna (7.50)
3 . salmon (9.50)
7 . yellowfin tuna (12.00)

Similar statements can be passed for each of the SELECT clauses discussed above.

主站蜘蛛池模板: 永登县| 阜新| 历史| 宁强县| 金沙县| 宁都县| 赞皇县| 徐闻县| 泗洪县| 大化| 达州市| 新疆| 肇庆市| 伊宁市| 阿巴嘎旗| 泾川县| 柏乡县| 如东县| 嘉祥县| 公安县| 莱芜市| 汶上县| 荣成市| 突泉县| 宿迁市| 新巴尔虎左旗| 绵阳市| 株洲县| 东兴市| 延川县| 文山县| 宁远县| 从化市| 都昌县| 铜陵市| 枣强县| 仲巴县| 万源市| 教育| 盐亭县| 湟源县|