模塊一　章節(jié)題庫（含名校考研真題）

第一部分　英　國

第1章　土地和人民

I. Multiple Choice.

1Which of the following is not a political division on the island of Great Britain?

A. England

B. Scotland

C. Northern Ireland

D. Wales

【答案】C

【解析】大不列顛島上共有三個(gè)政治分區(qū)，分別為England（位于南部，面積最大、人口最稠密），Scotland（位于北部，擁有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地、中部低地和南部丘陵）和Wales（位于西部）。Ireland是大不列顛島之外的另一個(gè)島嶼，包含英國的Northern Ireland和the Republic of Ireland。故選C。

2Most people in Northern Ireland are ______.

A. Catholics

B. Protestants

C. Presbyterians

D. Nonconformists

【答案】B

【解析】新教徒多為聯(lián)合派，主張留在英國。1920年北愛爾蘭成立時(shí)，它的地理位置使得那里的聯(lián)合派為多數(shù)人。C項(xiàng)為蘇格蘭國教長老會(huì)教徒。D項(xiàng)為非國教徒，人數(shù)很少。

3The two large islands that make up the British Isles are ______.

A. Scotland and Ireland

B. Britain and Scotland

C. Great Britain and Northern Ireland

D. Great Britain and Ireland

【答案】D

【解析】不列顛群島由兩座大的島嶼和無數(shù)小島組成。兩座大島分別是大不列顛島和愛爾蘭島（Great Britain and Ireland）。英國由不列顛島（包括英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士）以及愛爾蘭島東北部的北愛爾蘭和周圍5500個(gè)小島（海外領(lǐng)地）組成。故選D。

4Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector?

A. Shell.

B. ICI.

C. RTZ.

D. British Gas.

【答案】B

【解析】ICI是英國帝國化學(xué)工業(yè)集團(tuán)的簡稱，是聞名的純堿與肥料的制造廠商，不屬于能源公司，故選B。A項(xiàng)為英荷皇家殼牌集團(tuán)，是全球領(lǐng)先的國際油氣集團(tuán)。C項(xiàng)為英國里奧廷托鋅公司。D項(xiàng)是英國天然氣集團(tuán)。

5Manchester is nicknamed as ______ of the world.

A. Cottonopolis

B. Iron City

C. Ghost City

D. Automobile City

【答案】A

【解析】曼徹斯特是棉紡織工業(yè)的發(fā)祥地。兩百多年前，在這里誕生了世界上最早的近代棉紡織大工業(yè)，揭開了工業(yè)革命的序幕。曼徹斯特也隨著棉紡工業(yè)的出現(xiàn)成為新一代大工業(yè)城市的先驅(qū)，因此被稱作“棉都”（Cottonopolis）。故選A。

6Rolls-Royce is world famous for ______.

A. machine tools

B. household appliances

C. luxury automobiles

D. high-quality knives and hand tools

【答案】C

【解析】1906年勞斯萊斯（Rolls—Royce）在英國宣布正式成立，主營奢華轎車，是汽車王國尊榮高貴的唯一標(biāo)志。無論勞斯萊斯的款式如何老舊，造價(jià)多么高昂，至今仍然沒有挑戰(zhàn)者。

II. Fill in the blanks.

1London plays a significant role in _____ economic and cultural life. It’s not only the financial _____ of the nation, but also one of _____ major international financial centers in_____.

【答案】Britain’s; center; the three; the world

【解析】倫敦是英國的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和交通中心，與美國紐約、法國巴黎和日本東京并列為世界四大世界級(jí)城市之一。

2The beef industry was hit badly by _____ which caused a ban on beef exports in 1996.

【答案】BSE disease

【解析】瘋牛病1985年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)，接下來幾年間迅速蔓延，導(dǎo)致1996年歐盟正式禁止英國向歐盟其他成員國出口牛肉。

3Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first practical _____ in 1937.

【答案】jet engine

【解析】弗朗克·惠特爾(1907-1996)英國發(fā)明家，于1937年改進(jìn)了飛機(jī)噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。

4A low rate of _____ coupled with a very high rate of _____ is a characteristic of the UK economy.

【答案】domestic industrial investment; overseas investment

【解析】英國經(jīng)濟(jì)的特點(diǎn)是國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)增長低迷，海外投資異常活躍，所以應(yīng)填低國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)投資率、高海外投資率。

5The _____ of goods from British colonies and the _____ of these goods all over the world became the key to British prosperity.

【答案】importation; exportation

【解析】殖民時(shí)期，從殖民地進(jìn)口廉價(jià)貨物再向其他國家出口，成為英國經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的重要因素。

6The two important crops in Britain are _____.

【答案】wheat and barley

【解析】英國的主要農(nóng)作物有大麥，小麥，同時(shí)也生產(chǎn)土豆，油菜和甜菜。

7Britain has traditionally been a manufacturing nation and was once known as the _____. It has established a comprehensive industrial system capable of producing varied goods. Britain’s largest manufacturing industry is the _____ industry.

【答案】workshop of the world; iron and steel

【解析】18世紀(jì)末十九世紀(jì)初的工業(yè)革命使英國工廠制代替了手工工場(chǎng)，用機(jī)器代替了手工，生產(chǎn)力得到巨大提高，成為“世界工廠”。鋼鐵業(yè)是英國最大的制造工業(yè)。

8The capital of Scotland is _____, which is well known for its natural_____.

【答案】Edinburgh；beauty

【解析】蘇格蘭首府愛丁堡是一個(gè)歷史悠久、風(fēng)景秀麗的文化城市，素有“北方雅典”之稱，還有“歐洲最美麗城市”之譽(yù)。

III. Explain the terms or expressions in English.

1Privatization (北外2009研)

【答案】The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive program of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas and aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.

2Nationalization (北外2003研)

【答案】Nationalization referred to an extensive program carried out by the Labor party who came into power in the general election of July 1945. The government reached such important achievements as the nationalization of the hospitals, of the Bank of England and of many industries including coal in 1946, electricity in 1947 and the railways in 1948. The program played a significant role in the country’s economic recovery from the crisis caused by the Second World War. However, in Britain’s mixed economy, nationalized industries account for just ten percent of the Gross National Product, eight percent of all employees and yet almost twenty percent of total industrial investment.

IV. Answer the questions.

1How does the British climate influence characters of English people?

【答案】(1) The weather in England is very changeable. People can never be sure when the different types of weather will occur. This uncertainty tends to make Englishmen cautious.

(2) The English weather has also helped to make the Englishman adaptable, since whatever the weather conditions they met abroad, they had already experienced something alike at home.

2How does the British government make efforts to protect the interests of consumers?

【答案】(1) Britain has passed laws requiring producers and sellers to provide healthy foods, the description and performance of goods, and pricing information. Businesses must pass health and safety inspections. The government has the power to punish profiteers who act in violation of the interests of consumers.

(2) To deter businessmen from making illegal gains by cheating, Britain has passed harsh laws against unethical (unfair) competition which also includes counterfeiting and the production of false and shoddy goods.

(3) Consumers are entitled to claim damage if their rights are violated.

(4) The fundamental function of the law to prevent people from injuring each other has been expanded to cover almost every field.

3What are the main factors responsible for Britain’s decline in economic status after WWII? (西安外國語學(xué)院2006研)

【答案】The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth. There are mainly four reasons for the relative economic decline:①Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war; ②British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence; ③Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonization; ④Britain also lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products.

4What are the features of service industries in modern Britain? (中山大學(xué)2010研)

【答案】(1) Service industries is a very important sector in modern Britain’s economy, now producing 65% of the national health, such as banking, insurance, tourism, advertising and the selling of goods and employing 70% of UK’s workforce.

(2) Internationalization is an important feature of British service industries since it is a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the world’s exports of such service.

(3) In the service industries, financial sector is important with London as one of the top 3 financial centers in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounting for 20% of all international bank loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market; one of the busiest share-dealing centers in the world—the London Stock Exchange.

(4) Advertising is another major business service in which UK companies are highly successful.

5Give comments on the social structure in Britain.

【答案】(1) British society is made up of three classes: the upper class, the middle class and the working class.

(2) The upper classes emerged during the Middle Ages. They played key political roles on the Monarch’s councils, in the House of Lords in Parliament, and in local government.

(3) The middle class began to rise since the 14th century and evolved rapidly in the 18th century as more and more people became involved in businesses and professions and became wealthier.

(4) The working-class includes agricultural laborers before the Industrial Revolution, mining and factory workers during the Industrial Revolution and employees in service industries nowadays.

(5) As time went by, several changes on class distinctions have taken place in Britain: ①Today only a small number of people are considered upper class, and their former influence in conservative politics has been largely taken over by wealthy people in the middle class.②As technological advances have expanded the ranks of affluent professionals, managers, administrators, and technical experts, a proportion of the working population has shifted into these positions and now identify themselves as middle class. ③The British economy has created many semiprofessional and technical jobs, which, together with the rowing national affluence and the increasingly widespread distribution of capital, has blurred class lines, as more money in the form of stocks, bonds, property, and bank accounts is in more hands. ④There is less inequality in wealth, due in part to the spread of home ownership, and government programs have been created to help equalize access to health services and education.