第2章　語　音

2.1　復習筆記

本章要點：

1．Speech organs

發音器官

2．Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between consonants and vowels

輔音和元音的區別、分類及描寫規則

3．Variations of sounds

語音的變化

4．Phonemes，minimal pairs and sets and free variation

音位、最小對立、集合體和自由變體

5．Distinctive features and consonant cluster

區別特征和輔音連綴

6．Syllable structure, stress and intonation

音節結構、重音和語調

?？伎键c：

1．語音學

語音學的定義；發音器官的英文名稱；英語輔音的定義、發音部位、發音方法和分類；英語元音的定義和分類、基本元音；發音語音學；聽覺語音學；聲學語音學。

2．音系學

音系學的定義；音系學與語音學的聯系和區別；音素、音位、最小對立體、自由變體的定義；音位理論；自由變異；區別性特征；超語段音位學；音節；重音(詞重音、句子重音)；音高和語調。

本章內容索引：

I. Phonetics

1．Phonetics

2．Three major research fields of phonetics

II. Articulators

1．Articulators

(1) Seven major articulators

(2) Three notices

2．Voiceless and voiced sounds

3．Nasal and oral sounds

III. Classification of English Speech Sounds

1．Consonants

(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation

(2) Classification of Consonants

2．Vowel

(1) The Height of the Tongue

(2) The Shape of the Lips

(3) The Width of the Mouth

(4) Monophthongs and Diphthongs

IV. Variations of Sounds

1．Liaison

2．Elision

3．Assimilation

V. Phonology

1．Phonology

2．Phoneme

3．Minimal Pairs and Sets

4．Free Variation

5．Distinctive Features

VI. Syllables and Consonant Cluster

1．Syllables

2．Consonant Cluster

VII. Suprasegmentals

1．Suprasegmental features

2．Stress

3．Intonation

I. Phonetics (語音學)

1．Phonetics (語音學)

The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.

語音學研究所有人類語言的聲音。

2．Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics語音學研究的三大領域

(1) Articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or “articulated”.

(2) Acoustic phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.

(3) Auditory phonetics, which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.

(1) 發音語言學研究語音的發生。

(2) 聲學語音學研究語音的物質特征。

(3) 感知語音學(或聽覺語音學)研究語音的感知。

II. Articulators (發音器官)

1．Articulators (發音器官)

【考點：根據圖指出發音器官名稱】

(1) Seven Major Articulators

The seven major articulators are pharynx, velum or soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge or alveolum, tongue, teeth and lips.

(2) Three Notices

①Larynx is also an articulator.

②Jaws are sometimes called articulators, but the jaws are not articulators in the same way as others.

③The nose and the nasal cavity not articulators as others.

(1) 七個主要的發音器官

咽腔、軟腭、硬腭、齒齦、舌、齒、唇。

(2) 三個注意的點

①喉也是發音器官。

②下頜有時也稱作發音器官，但它與其它的發音器官不一樣。

③鼻子和鼻腔和其它的發音器官也不一樣。

2．Voiced and Voiceless Sounds (濁音和清音)

(1) When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds.

在發音過程中，發音時聲帶振動，這樣所發出的音叫做濁音。

(2) When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds.

在發音過程中，發音時聲帶不振動，這樣所發出的音叫做清音。

3．Nasal and oral sounds (鼻音和口腔音)

(1) When the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; sounds produced this way are called nasal sounds.

(2) When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off, the air can escape only through the mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral sounds.

(1) 軟腭下垂，使鼻腔和口腔同時通氣，這樣發出的音為鼻音。

(2) 軟腭上升直到喉嚨后部，同時形成鼻腔阻塞，氣流從口腔中釋放，這樣發出的音為口腔音。

III. Classification of English speech sounds (輔音和元音)

1．Consonants (輔音)

【考點：名詞解釋】

Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

發音時，聲道的某些部位受到壓縮或阻礙后，使得氣流在口腔里轉向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此產生的音叫做輔音。

(1) Manner of articulation and place of articulation (發音方式和發音部位)

①Manner of articulation refers to the type of stricture involved in the production of a consonant (the particular way the airstream is obstructed).

②Place of articulation refers to the involvement of the articulators in the production of a particular consonant (where the airstream is most obstructed).

①發音方式指發音器官之間的關系，以及氣流經過聲道的某些部位時的方式。

②發音+部位指聲道的那些發生氣流摩擦、狹窄化或阻礙的部位。

(2) Classification of consonants (輔音的分類)

【考點：描述給定輔音&根據描述指出輔音名稱】

①In terms of manners of articulation, consonants can be grouped into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides.

stops: [p, b, t, d, k, g]

fricatives: [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ?, ?, h]

affricates: [d?, t?]

liquids: [l, r]

nasals: [m, n, ?]

glides: [j, w]

按發音方式分類，輔音可分為爆破音、擦音、破擦音、邊音、鼻音、滑音。

爆破音: [p, b, t, d, k, g]

擦音: [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ?, ?, h]

破擦音:[d?, t?]

邊音: [l, r]

鼻音: [m, n, ?]

滑音：[j, w]

②In terms of place of articulation, the consonants can be grouped into bilabials, labiodentals, dentals, alveolars, palatals, velars and glottal.

bilabials: [p, b, m, w]

labiodentals :[f, v]

dentals: [θ, e]

alveolars: [t, d, n, s, z, r, l ]

palatals: [j, ?, ?, d?, t?]

velars: [k, g, ?]

glottal: [h]

按發音部位分類，輔音可分為雙唇音、唇齒音、齒音、齒齦音、上腭音、軟腭音和聲門音。

雙唇音: [p, b, m, w]

唇齒音:[f, v]

齒音: [θ, e]

齒齦音: [t, d, n, s, z, r, l ]

上腭音: [j, ?, ?, d?, t?]

軟腭音: [k, g, ?]

聲門音: [h]

3．Vowel (元音)

【考點：描述給定元音&根據描述指出元音名稱】

Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

發音時，聲道不受任何壓縮或阻礙，因此不會有氣流的紊亂或停滯，由此產生的音叫做元音。

(1) The Height of the Tongue (舌頭最高部分的高度)

Front vowels: [i:] [?] [e] [?] [?] [ɑ]

Central vowels: [3:] [?] [?]

Back vowels: [u:] [u] [?:] [?] [ɑ:]

前元音：[i:] [?] [e] [?] [?] [ɑ]

中元音：[3:] [?] [?]

后元音：[u:] [u] [?:] [?] [ɑ:]

(2) The Shape of the Lips (唇的圓展度)

Rounded vowels: [u:] [u] [?:] [?]

Unrounded vowels: [i:] [?] [e] [?] [?] [ɑ] [3:] [?] [?] [ɑ:]

圓唇音：[u:] [u] [?:] [?]

展唇音：[i:] [?] [e] [?] [?] [ɑ] [3:] [?] [?] [ɑ:]

(3) The Width of the Mouth (開口的寬度)

Open vowels: [?], [ɑ], [?], [ɑ:]

Close vowels: [i:], [?], [u:], [u]

Semi-open vowels: [?:] [e] [?] [3:] [?] [?]

開元音：[?], [ɑ], [?], [ɑ:]

閉元音：[i:], [?],[u:], [u]

半開元音：[?:] [e] [?] [3:] [?] [?]

(4) Monophthongs and Diphthongs (單元音與雙元音)

Monophthong: They are those pure vowels that have an unchanging quality, either from the number or the constant quality.

Diphthong: A sequence of two sounds produced from one vowel position to another.

單元音指在數量上和性質上都恒定不變的純元音。

如果在發音時通過舌頭的一次運動，由第一個單元音滑向第二個單元音，所產生的音的組合就叫做雙元音。

IV. Variations of Sounds音的變化

1．Liaison連讀

The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison.

指在實際話語過程中把兩個詞連到一起讀，尤其是第二個單詞以元音開始時，這種現象叫做連讀。

2．Elision省音

The loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision.

在實際話語中漏掉一個音或幾個音，這種現象叫做省音。

3．Assimilation同化

The way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation.

同化指一個音具有了鄰近音的一部分或者全部特征的這一過程。

V. Phonology (音系學)

1．Phonology (音系學)

Phonology is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.

音系學研究的是語言的語音系統。

2．Phoneme (音位)

Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning.

音位是音系學研究的一個基本單位，是一組語音特征的抽象集合體，具有區別意義的作用。

3．Minimal Pairs and Sets (最小對立體)

Minimal Pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.

When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set.

能夠用一個音區別意義的兩個詞叫做最小的對立體。

當一組詞能夠通過改變其中同一位置的一個音素來區別意義時，這組詞就叫做最小集合體。

4．Free Variation (自由變體)

【考點：名詞解釋】

When two or more sounds occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.

如果兩個或兩個以上的音素出現在一個相同的語音環境中，并不區別意義，那么這兩個音素就可被視為自由變體。

5．Distinctive features (區別特征)

When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature).

區別性特征是指能夠區別意義的語音特征。

VI. Syllables and Consonant Cluster (音節和輔音連綴)

1．Syllables (音節)

【考點：判斷一個音節的節首、韻基和節尾】

The English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful. These units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables.

英語單詞“beautiful”由三部分組成beau-ti-ful，這樣的比一個音長但又比一個詞的音短的單位就叫做音節。

Syllable structure (音節的結構)

2．Consonant Cluster (輔音連綴)

In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, [spl] in [‘splendid]. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters.

在英語中一些詞在一個音節中會有兩個或多個輔音，例如[‘splendid]中的[spl]，這樣的語音序列叫做輔音連綴。

VII. Suprasegmentals (超切分特征)

1．Suprasegmental features (超切分特征)

The sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes),are called suprasegmentals.

指的是大于切分層面上的，能夠區別意義的特征，其主要包括重音、聲調和語調等。

2．Stress (重音)

When a word has more than one syllable, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to the speech sound phenomenon, that of stress.

當一個詞中有多于一個音節時把一個詞的某個音節或語句里的某幾個音節讀得重些、強些。

3．Intonation (語調)

Speech sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness. When speaking, people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice. This phenomenon is called intonation.

語調涉及重復出現的升降模式，是指聲調高低抑揚輕重的配制和變化。