3.3　考研真題與典型題詳解

I. Fill in the blanks.

1．The ______ is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)

【答案】morpheme

【解析】語素是最小的語言單位，不能再進一步分成更小的單位而不破壞或徹底改變詞匯意義或語法意義。

2．Some morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans, un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes.

【答案】bound

【解析】粘著語素指不能單獨出現，必須跟至少一個其他語素共同出現的語素。

3．There are two fields of morphology: the study of ______ and the study of ______. (人大2006研)

【答案】inflectional; lexical/ derivational

【解析】在形態學中，有兩大主要研究方面，一是詞的屈折變化，一是詞的派生。

4．______ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南開大學2007研)

【答案】Morphophonology

【解析】形態音系學是語言學的一個分支，主要研究形態學與音系學的關系。

5．______ is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from ______ and ______. (人大2006研)

【答案】Blending

【解析】混成法是指一個詞由兩個單詞混合而成，一般把第一個單詞的開頭部分和第二個單詞的最后部分連接起來，或者是把兩個單詞的開頭部分連接起來。

6．An ______ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______ is pronounced as a word.

【答案】initialism; acronym

【解析】首字母縮寫和縮略詞的區別在于，前者是一個一個字母讀，后者是按單詞讀。

7．Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.

【答案】morphemic

【解析】從詞素的角度來講詞可以劃分為簡單詞、合成詞和派生詞。

II. Multiple Choice

1．______ other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大連外國語學院2008研)

A. Polymorphemic words

B. Bound morphemes

C. Free morphemes

【答案】A

【解析】多語素詞可被分為詞根和詞綴，而合成詞是不可以被這樣分的。

2．______ refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number. (西安外國語學院2006研)

A. Affixation

B. Inflection

C. Derivation

D. Conjugation

【答案】D

【解析】屈折變化是通過附加屈折詞綴表現語法關系，如數、人稱、有定性、體和格。它并不改變所附加詞干的語法類別。

3．Compound words consist of ______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)

A. bound

B. free

C. both bound and free

【答案】B

【解析】合成詞是由自由詞素組合而成的。

4．Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (對外經貿2006研)

A. WTO

B. Motel

C. Bookshelf

D. red-faced

【答案】B

【解析】混成法是指一個詞由兩個單詞混合而成，一般把第一個單詞的開頭部分和第二個單詞的最后部分連接起來，或者是把兩個單詞的開頭部分連接起來。Motel是由motor與hotel二詞的縮合。

5．Bound morphemes do not include. (西安交大2008研)

A. roots

B. prefixes

C. suffixes

D. words

【答案】D

【解析】粘著語素指不能單獨出現，必須跟至少一個其他語素共同出現的語素。詞根，詞綴都可能是粘著詞素。

6．Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: (table—tables, day + break—daybreak.(大連外國語學院2008研)

A. inflection and compound

B. compound and derivation

C. inflection and derivation

【答案】A

【解析】屈折變化是通過附加屈折詞綴表現語法關系，如tables。合成詞是由詞根語素按一定的規則組合起來構成的,如daybreak。

7．Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence. (Focus on the type of word formation)(南京大學2007研)

A. burgle

B. fridge

C. auto

D. math

【答案】A

【解析】A是逆構詞法變來的，其他的是縮寫詞。

8．There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ______ .

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

【答案】C

【解析】-ed在learned中改變了learn的時態 ，故為曲折變化。

III. True or False

1．Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清華2001研)

【答案】T

【解析】詞組是指一組具有一定詞性的詞的組合擴展，且此過程并不改變詞原來的詞性。

2．Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大連外國語學院2008研)

【答案】T

【解析】具有詞匯意義(指代物質、動作和性質)的詞稱為詞匯詞，例如名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞。

3．The words “loose” and “books” have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)

【答案】F

【解析】有共同的音位，但語素[s]在兩個詞中的意思不一樣，前者沒有任何意義，后者表示復數。

4．Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大連外國語學院2008研)

【答案】T

【解析】自由語素指是能夠單獨出現或獨立成詞的語素。

5．All words contain a root morpheme. (北二外2006研)

【答案】T

【解析】所有的詞都必須有詞根。

6．Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)

【答案】T

【解析】詞根是構成詞的基礎成分，它可以是自由語素或粘著語素。

7．The word of “impossibility” contains four morphemes. (對外經貿2006研)

【答案】F

【解析】包括三個語素：“im-” “possibl-” “-ity”。

8．We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.

【答案】F

【解析】合成詞的詞義不一定是兩個單詞詞義的和，也可能是成為慣用語的其他意思。

9．All roots are free and all affixes are bound.

【答案】F

【解析】詞根可分為自由詞根和黏著詞根，所以并不是所有的詞根都是自由詞根。

IV. Explain the following terms.

1．morpheme (四川大學2006研；武漢大學2008研)

【答案】Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in boys, there are two morphemes: “boy” and “-s”; in international, there are three morphemes: “inter-” “nation” and “-al”.

2．inflectional morpheme (南開大學2004研)

【答案】Inflectional morpheme: It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.

3．free morphemes (西安交大2008研)

【答案】Free morpheme is an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. They may occur alone, that is, they may make up words by themselves. For example, “dog”, “nation” and “close” are free morphemes. And such words are called mono-morphemic words. Thus all mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.

4．bound morpheme (上海交大2007研)

【答案】Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that cannot occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, in the word “careless”, “-less” is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.

5．bound root (四川大學2006研)

【答案】Bound root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as “-ceive” in “receive”.

6．functional morpheme (上海交大2005研)

【答案】This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about when, on, near, the” an so on.

7．inflection (四川大學2007研)

【答案】Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix: “-ed”; the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix: “-ren”

8．allomorph(四川大學2006研)

【答案】Allomorph: A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/, in “matches” /iz/.

9．blending (四川大學2008研)

【答案】Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only join the initial parts of the two words. For example, telephone + exchange→ telex; transfer + resister → transistor.

10．acronym(北航2010研)

【答案】Some new words are formed from the first letters of a series of words and they are pronounced as a single word. Words of this kind such as NATO, UNESCO are called acronyms.

V. Short answer questions

1．Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes. (四川大學2007研)

(1) rational

【答案】rational: irrational

(2) moral

【答案】moral: immoral

(3) regular

【答案】regular: irregular

(4) political

【答案】political: apolitical

(5) effective

【答案】effective: ineffective

(6) human

【答案】human: inhuman

(7) relevant

【答案】relevant: irrelevant

(8) legal

【答案】legal: illegal

(9) proportionate

【答案】proportionate: disproportionate

(10) resistible

【答案】resistible: irresistible

2．(a) List the ‘bound’ morphemes to be found in the following words:misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly

【答案】misleads: mis-, -s; shortened: -en, -ed; unhappier: un-, -er; fearlessly: -less, -ly

(b) In which of the following examples should the ‘a’ be treated as a bound morpheme:a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL (上海交大2005研)

【答案】Among these examples, the “a” in “atypical” should be treated as a bound morpheme.

3．In English, the suffix “-able” as in “X + able” means “able to be X-ed.”

(1) Use an example to illustrate this rule.

【答案】applicable, which means “able to be applied”.

(2) What kind of words can function as “X”?

【答案】The words that can function as “X” are probably verbs.

(3) In words like “unthinkable,” the suffix -able means more than “able to be X-ed.” Think of TWO more words of this type. (南京大學2007研)

【答案】unbelievable, undefeatable.

4．What can this rule mean in English grammar?

{D} →(-id)/(t) ─(北師大2004研)

【答案】This rule reveals two points: first, it shows one possible allomorph of the morpheme {D}, and this allomorph has the phone (-id) as its element; second, it shows the according phonetic environment in which that allomorph can occur, that is, it will be pronounced as (-id) when it appears after the phone (t). In this rule, the arrow means the realization, and the bar indicates the environment of the target element.

5．What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes?

【答案】Some phonological factors can affect the appearance of morphemes, namely, the form of a morpheme; and there could be assimilation, and dissimilation. For example, the negative morpheme could be realized as “in-” or “im-” followed by different phonological environments, as in “inefficient” and “imperfect”, as a result of assimilation.

Morphemes can also be conditioned by morphological factors; for example, the allomorphs of the plural morpheme, as could be seen in “oxen”, “cows”, and “feet”.

6．Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.

【答案】

VI. Essay questions

1．What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大學2007研)

【答案】The distinction between inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes could be illustrated in the following four aspects.

Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem, for instance, those inflectional affixes in words such as toys, walks, John’s, etc. Therefore, they serve to produce different forms of a single word. In contrast, derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning, e.g. cite, citation；generate, generation．

Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers; whereas derivational affixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness for the former, and that between brother and brotherhood for the latter．

Very often inflectional affixes are conditioned by non-semantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence. Whereas derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions．

In English, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final. But derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.

2．How are affixes classified? (四川大學2008研)

【答案】Considering the free and bound morpheme, affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme, so it is naturally bound.

Depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word, affixes are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix. For examples, “para-” as prefix, “-tion” as suffix, and “-bloomingly-” in word “abso-bloomingly-luty” as infix.

Affix can also be classified depending on the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. The formal often only add a minute grammatical function to the stem and do not change the word class of the word they attach to; while the latter are very productive in making new words and often change the lexical meaning. For instances, “-s” in words “toys”, “walks” and “John’s” is inflectional affixes, while “-tion” is a derivational affix in word “recitation”.

(本題考查詞綴的種類。可以從兩個角度對詞綴進行分類：一種是前綴、中綴和后綴；另一種是屈折詞綴和派生詞綴。)

3．In what way do we say English is an inflectional language? (廈門大學2006研)

【答案】The inflectional language is a term as opposed to the isolated language, in which the morpheme has no inflected form; such as in Chinese, there are only isolated characters, which cannot be added to with an inflectional affix. English is regarded as an inflectional language in the sense that the inflectional affixer serves important grammatical function in the English vocabulary. In English, inflectional affixes indicating tense, numbers, case and so on usually manifest the grammatical relationships between the elements of the sentences.

4．Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大連外國語學院2008研)

【答案】New words or expressions are created through the following processes excepted compound and derivation, which are called lexical change proper.

(1) Initialism

Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Words of this kind such as VIP, WTO are called initialisms.

(2) Abbreviation

Many English words have come into being through abbreviation. This phenomenon is also called clipping: a new can be created by:

i. cutting the final part, for example, ad for advertisement.

ii. cutting the initial part, for example, plane for aeroplane.

iii. cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly, for instance, fridge for refrigerator.

(3) Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words, for example, emotion + icon → emoticon; car + hijacking→carjacking.

(4) Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has heavily modified headword; an example is EU for European Union. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields, for example, SARS is short for “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”. What’s more, people also use this process in internet chatting or e-mail communication, such as BTW for “by the way”, ASAP for “as soon as possible”.

(本題考查特有的詞匯變化。作答時任選四個進行描述，并舉例說明。)