第3章　形態學

3.1　復習筆記

本章要點：

1．Definition of Morphology

形態學的定義

2．Definition and Classification of Morphemes

詞素的定義及分類

3．Morphs and Allomorphs

詞素變體

4．Types of Word Formation

詞語構成的分類

常考考點：

詞法的定義；曲折詞與派生詞；構詞法(合成與派生)；詞素的定義；詞素變體；自由詞素；粘著詞素(詞根，詞綴和詞干)。

本章內容索引：

I. Morphology

Definition of Morphology

II. Morphemes

1．Definition

2．Types of Morphemes

(1) Free morpheme

(2) Bound morpheme

III. Morphs and Allomorphs

Definition of Morphs and Allomorphs

IV. Types of Word Formation

1．Compounding

2．Derivation

3．Other ways of word formation

(1) Conversion

(2) Backformation

(3) Clipping

(4) Blending

(5) Acronym

(6) Initialism

I. Morphology形態學

【考點：名詞解釋】

Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.

形態學作為語言學的一個分支，是研究詞語的內部結構，形式及分類的一門科學。

II. Morpheme語素

1．Definition定義

Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

語素是最小的語言單位，不能再進一步分成更小的單位而不破壞或徹底改變詞匯意義或語法意義。

2．Types of Morphemes (語素的類型)

(1) Free morpheme (自由語素)

【考點：名詞解釋】

①Free morphemes are those which may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All monomorphemes are free morphemes and polymorphemic words, which consist wholly of free morphemes, are compounds.

②A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is, a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. A word may contain more than one root.

③When they are used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem.

④Free morphemes can be divided into two categories. The first one is the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives which carry the content of messages we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes and, since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words.

⑤The second category of free morphemes are called functional morphemes. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words.

①自由詞素指能夠單獨出現或獨立成詞的語素。所有的單語素詞都是自由語素，由自由語素構成的多語素詞為復合詞。

②可以獨立成詞的部分，也就是自由詞素被稱作詞根，一個詞可以包含多個詞根。

③當自由詞素和粘著詞素連用時，最基本的部分稱作詞干。

④自由詞素分為兩類。一類是表達實義的名詞，動詞和形容詞。它們被稱作詞匯詞素。這類詞素可以創造新詞，因此屬于開放式詞匯。

⑤第二類叫做功能詞素。功能詞素幾乎不能創造新詞，因此屬于封閉式詞匯。

(2) Bound morphemes (粘著語素)

【考點：名詞解釋】

①Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, e.g. -s, -er, -ed and -ing. Such morphemes are called bound morphemes

②Bound morphemes are actually affixes. All affixes in English are bound. Affixes can be joined to the beginning of the root or stem, in which case they are called prefixes. Prefixes can change the meaning or function of the word..

③Affixes can also be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suffixes. Suffixes can also change the meaning or function of the word.

④Bound morphemes can be classified into two categories. One category is derivational morphemes, which are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.

⑤The other category is inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.

①一些詞素不能夠單獨成詞，但會起到一定的功能作用。這種語素叫做黏著語素。

②黏著語素相當于詞綴。英語中所有的詞綴都是黏著的。附著在詞根或詞干前面的詞綴叫做前綴，前綴可以改變詞義或詞語功能。

③詞綴還可以放到詞根或詞干的后邊，形成后綴，后綴也可以改變詞義或功能。

④黏著語素可以分為兩類。一類叫做派生語素，用來創造與詞干分屬不同語法類別的新詞。

⑤另一類叫做曲折語素。屈折語素不用來創造新詞，而是體現一個詞的不同語法功能。

III. Morphs and Allomorphs (語素和語素變體)

Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.

An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.

語素變體是最小的有意義的語音單位。

那些代表同一語素的不同形素叫做該語素的語素變體。

IV. Types of Word Formation (構詞法)

【考點：詞的形成方法】

1．Compounding (復合詞)

By means of compounding, two free morphemes are combined to form a compound. Compounds have strict patterns. The first element in the compound receives the main stress, but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.

兩個自由語素結合形成復合詞。復合詞有嚴格的形式。復合詞的重音在前一部分，但詞義通常由第二部分決定。

2．Derivation (派生詞)

Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. In contrast to compounding, a derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme.

派生詞是通過添加詞綴來形成的。和復合詞不同的是，派生詞至少包含一個自由語素和一個粘著語速。

3．Other ways of word formation (其他構詞法)

①Conversion (轉換法)

Many words have more than one part of speech. A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun. Such instances are called conversion.

Conversion is also called zero derivation.

很多詞語包含多種詞性。名詞和動詞之間可以相互轉換，這種構詞法叫做轉換法。轉換法又叫做零派生。

②Backformation (逆序造詞)

There are times when we remove a suffix to get a new word. For example, as we have editor, we get edit by dropping or. This process is called backformation.

有些時候我們可以通過去除后綴來得到新詞，這個過程叫做逆序造詞。

③Clipping (截斷法)

The process by which parts of a word have been cut off is called clipping. Clipping occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech.

把詞語的一部分省略掉叫做截斷法。多音節詞匯變成形式較短的詞匯，這種形式通常出現在非正式用語中。

④Blending (混成法)

A single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms. This process is usually called blending. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word.

兩個獨立的形式相結合構成新詞，叫做混成法。通常，混成法是結合了一個單詞的開頭和另一個單詞的結尾。

⑤Acronym (首字母縮略詞)

Some new words are formed from the first letters of a series of words. They are pronounced as a single word.

通過幾個單詞的首字母結合而成的單詞叫做首字母縮略詞。這類詞可以以詞的形式發音。

⑥Initialism (首字母縮寫詞)

Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. These kinds of words are called initialisms.

首字母縮寫詞由幾個單詞的首字母組成，要以單個字母來發音。