第3單元　弗朗西斯?培根

3.1　復習筆記

Francis Bacon （1561-1626） （弗朗西斯·培根）

1Life （生平）

Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and the father of empiricism and modern science. Bacon was born in a noble family, son of Sir Nicholas Bacon. In 1573, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. After graduating at 16 he took up law. He completed his legal education and was called to the bar. At 23, he became a member of the House of Commons. During the reign of James I, Bacon was appointed Lord High Chancellor, the head of the legal system of England and made a peer with the titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. But three years later, he was accused of bribery and was deprived of his office and banished from London. In his after years, he focused on philosophy and science.

培根是英國著名的哲學家、政治家、科學家、律師、法官、作家，被稱為“經(jīng)驗主義和現(xiàn)代科學之父”。培根出生于一個貴族家庭,其父為尼古拉斯培根爵士。1573年，他進入劍橋大學三一學院讀書。16歲畢業(yè)，然后從事法律事務。完成法律學習后，取得律師資格，23歲時成為眾議院議員。詹姆士一世當政時，他當上了大法官（英格蘭法律體系的頭領），同時還被授予維勒拉姆男爵、圣·阿本斯子爵稱號。但三年后他因受賄丟了職務，被趕出倫敦。培根晚年致力于哲學著述和科學研究。

2Major Works （主要作品）

Advancement of Learning 《學術的演進》 （1605）

New Instrument 《新工具》 （1620）

Essays 《隨筆》

3Comment on Bacon （對培根的評價）

Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method, or simply the scientific method.

培根是英國著名的哲學家、政治家、科學家、律師、法官、作家和科學方法論的先驅(qū)。被稱為“經(jīng)驗主義之父”。他的作品為科學研究建立了方法論。

4Selected works （作品選讀）

◆Of marriage and Single Life《論婚姻和單身》

Of marriage and Single Life is an argumentation which has a clear argument that man and women should get married. Bacon also argue that marriage is good for both themselves and the society.

《論婚姻和單身》作為一篇論說文，觀點明確，敘述條理清楚。培根認為：男大當婚，女大當嫁。他還認為婚姻無論是對個人還是社會都不是壞事。

◆Of Study《論讀書》

Of Study discussed the purposes, functions and different views towards study. It used the device of parallelism to give the description.

《論讀書》詳細討論了讀書的目的和功能，分析了詩人對讀書的不同態(tài)度，介紹了讀書的各種方法。文中用了排比的修辭手法來表述觀點。

5The style of Bacon’s essay （培根散文的風格）

The language is very neat, prêt and weighty. The sentences are very short and the author likes to use more loose and compound sentences, which are called loose and free style in Bacon’s time. Bacon also likes to use more co-ordinate conjunctions than the subordinated ones, such as “as, since, because”. What’s more important is that he likes to use parallelism, and his topics are very clear and exact, full of epigrams like a poem. So we can say his style is conciseness of expression and simplicity of diction.

語言簡潔有力。文章句子通常很短，因為培根喜歡用松散的復合句。相對于從屬連詞，培根更喜歡用并列連詞，比如“因為，因此”。更明顯的特點是他喜歡用排比句。而且文章的觀點非常明確，用了很多像短詩似的雋語。所以我們可以歸納他的寫作風格為表達簡介，用語簡單。