第8單元　浪漫主義詩人（2）

8.1　復習筆記

1George Gordon Byron （1788-1824） （喬治·戈登·拜倫）

(1) Life （生平）

George Gordon Byron was born in an impoverished noble family in London. He was born with a clubfoot. At ten, the boy was made Lord Byron by the death of a granduncle. Byron spent his early years in Aberdeen, and was educated at Harrow School and Cambridge University. In 1809, he left for a two-year tour of a number of Mediterranean countries. He visited Portugal, Spain, Albania and Greece. He returned to England in 1811, and in 1812 the first two cantos of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage were published. However, facing mounting pressure as a result of his failed marriage in 1816, scandalous affairs and huge debts, Byron left England in April 1816 and never returned. In Switzerland, he met Shelley and under the influence of Shelley, he wrote Prometheus, Sonnet on Chillon, and The Prisoner of Chillon. Byron was a staunch champion of the people’s cause; he supported the revolution against exploitation in Italy and Greece. In 1823 he went to Greece and plunged into a war of independence, but he died of fever in 1824.

Byron created many revolutionary poems. Byron’s influence has shown itself in the works of the Chartist poets in England and the progressive Poets in many countries. He created the “Byronic hero”，which had a great influence in the literary field.

拜倫出生在倫敦一個沒落的貴族家庭。他天生跛足。10歲時，拜倫因為一位叔祖父的離世繼承了他的爵位。拜倫早年在阿伯丁生活，在哈羅公學和劍橋大學接受教育。1809年他動身去游歷了許多地中海國家，游歷了葡萄牙、西班牙、阿爾巴尼亞和希臘。1811年回到英國，1812年《恰爾德·哈羅德游記》前兩章出版。然而，他1816年離婚，陷入多件風流韻事，又欠下巨額債款，面對如此多的壓力，拜倫1816年4月離開英國，再也沒回去。在瑞士，拜倫和雪萊相遇，并且在雪萊影響下完成了《普羅米修斯》，《詠錫隆城堡》和《錫隆的囚徒》。拜倫支持意大利和希臘的革命斗爭。1823年他前往希臘并投身于希臘的解放斗爭中，1824年他在希臘死于熱病。

拜倫創造了許多革命詩歌，拜倫對英國的憲章派詩人和許多國家的進步詩人有影響。他創造了在文學領域有深遠影響的“拜倫式的英雄”。

(2) Major Works of Byron （主要作品）

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage （1812,1816-1818） 《恰爾德·哈羅德游記》

Manfred （1817） 《曼弗雷德》

Don Juan （1818-1823） 《唐璜》

Cain （1821） 《該隱》

(3) Selected works （作品選讀）

◆She Walks in Beauty《她在美中行》

This poem is from Hebrew Melodies. On June 11, 1814, Byron attended a party where he for the first time met his young cousin, lady Wilmot Horton, who was dressed in a black mourning gown. Byron was so struck by her beauty that, on returning home, he wrote this poem in a single night.

此詩選自《希伯來歌曲》。在1814年6月的一次舞會上，拜倫第一次遇到他的表姐威爾莫·霍頓夫人。這位夫人穿著黑色喪服，拜倫為她的美麗所打動，回家之后當晚便創作了此詩。

◆When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home《當一個人在祖國沒有戰斗的自由時》

The Byronic hero is an idealised but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron. This poem is one of the typical works to express what Byronic Hero is.

《當一個人在祖國沒有戰斗的自由時》這首詩短短幾行，活靈活現地表現了“拜倫式英雄”不安于庸俗生活現狀的理想。

2Percy Bysshe Shelley （1792-1822） （波西·比希·雪萊）

(1) Life （生平）

Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1792 in Sussex. Shelley was educated at Eton and at Oxford University, where he began to read radical writers such as Thomas Paine and William Godwin. In 1811, he was expelled for publishing a pamphlet supporting atheism. While living alone in London at the age of 19, he made acquaintance with and eloped with a school girl of 16, Harriet Westbrook. The unhappy union was dissolved in 1814. In 1816, Shelley married Mary Godwin, the daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. His second marriage was a happy one, but their peaceful life was broken by the sudden death of Harriet, who drowned herself in a river. In 1818, Shelley took his family to Italy, where he spent all the rest of his life. In 1816 he began his friendship with Byron. Since his settlement in Italy, Shelley kept close ties with the Italian people who were fighting for their independence. On 8 July, Shelley was returning from visiting his friends Lord Byron and James Leigh Hunt when his boat overturned and he was drowned. His body was burned by Byron and the ashes buried in Rome.

波西·比希·雪萊1792年生于英格蘭蘇塞克斯郡。雪萊在伊頓公學和牛津大學接受教育，在牛津開始閱讀激進作家的作品，如托馬斯·潘恩，威廉·戈德溫。1811年，他因出版一本小冊子支持無神論被趕出學校。19歲時，獨居在倫敦的雪萊結識了16歲的少女哈麗雅特·維斯布魯克并與之私奔。1814年，他與哈麗雅特的婚姻以失敗告終。1816年他與瑪麗·戈德溫成婚，瑪麗是威廉·戈德溫和沃斯通克拉夫特的女兒。二人婚后十分幸福，但是他們平靜的生活因為哈麗雅特的自殺而告終。1818年，雪萊帶著家人去意大利，并在此度過余生。1816年雪萊與拜倫相識。在意大利期間，雪萊十分關注意大利人民爭取自由的戰爭。7月8日，雪萊看望過朋友拜倫和亨特后返程時，船翻了，就被淹死了。他的尸體由拜倫火化，并葬于羅馬。

(2) Major Works of Shelley雪萊主要作品

Queen Mab （1813） 《麥布女王》

The Revolt of Islam （1817） 《伊斯蘭的反叛》

Prometheus Unbound （1819） 《解放了的普羅米修斯》

“Song to the Men of England” （1819） 《致英格蘭人之歌》

The Cenci （1819） 《欽契》

Adonais （1821） 《阿多尼》

A Defence of Poetry （1821） 《詩辯》

“Ode to the West Wind” （1819） 《西風頌》

(3) Selected works （作品選讀）

◆Ode to the West Wind《西風頌》

This poem is prophetic in its fighting spirit and singular in its lyrical beauty. It is a mixture of death and rebirth. Shelley is concerned with the regeneration of himself spiritually and poetically and of Europe politically.

It consists of 5 stanzas. The first stanza discusses the double role of the west wind as both destroyer and preserver. Stanza two depicts the wind’s power which drives clouds before it and brings storms with it. Stanza three describes the wind’s effects on the sea. The fourth stanza conveys the poet’s emotional reaction to the west wind which makes him long for going back to his free boyhood. The last stanza reveals the poet’s demand for the wind to help spread the words of his poem among mankind and his prophecy that spring will come after winter. The ending note of the poem is confident and hopeful.

“Ode to the West Wind” is his best lyrics on nature, which is also an expression of the poet’s eager aspiration for something free from the care and misery of real life.

該詩具有預言性，富有斗爭精神和抒情的美感。該詩以死亡和重生為主題。雪萊非常關心他自己在精神上和詩才上的新生和歐洲政治上的復蘇。

詩歌由五個詩節組成。第一詩節描寫了西風作為毀滅者和保護者的雙重作用。第二詩節著重描寫了西風的力量：驅散烏云，帶來風暴。第三詩節講述了西風對海洋的影響。第四詩節表達了詩人對西風的感情，這樣的情感使他懷念自由的少年時光。最后的詩節表達了詩人對西風的請求，希望它將這首詩在人類中傳播開去，并預言春天會跟著冬天的腳步而來。詩的結尾是振奮期待的。

《西風頌》是他的自然詩代表，同時他的自然詩也表達了詩人對于擺脫現實生活的煩惱和痛苦的渴望。

(4) Comment on Shelley （對雪萊的評價）

Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free future for mankind. He remained in this social and political ideal and fought for it all his life. He and Byron are justifiably regarded as two great poets of revolutionary romanticism in England.

雪萊熱愛人民，痛恨壓迫者和剝削者。他號召人民推翻殘酷和不平的專制統治，為創造一個幸福自由的未來而奮斗。他堅持自己的社會、政治理想并為之奮斗終生。雪萊和拜倫被公認為英國浪漫主義革命時期最偉大的兩位詩人。

3John Keats （1795-1821） （約翰·濟慈）

(1) Life （生平）

John Keats was born in 1795 in London. At 15, he was apprenticed to learn surgery. After studying medicine in hospitals in London and passing his medical examinations, he finally gave up the profession and turned to poetry in 1817. He made friends with Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt and Shelley in London. With the help of Shelley, Keats’ first collection of poems was published in 1817. After his brother Tom died, Keats moved to live in the house of his friend Charles Brown, and fell in love with the beautiful and fashionable girl Fanny. Absorbed in love and poetry, he exhausted himself mentally, and in autumn of 1819, he tried to gain some distance to literature through an ordinary occupation. However, an unmistakeable sign of consumption in February 1820 broke all his plans for the future. In the winter of 1820, he moved to Italy in the hope of recovery. But on the night of 23, February 1821, Keats died and was later buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome. He had requested that the stone bear no name, only the words “Here lies one whose name was writ in water.”

約翰·濟慈1795年生于倫敦。濟慈在倫敦結識了利·亨特、哈茲里特、雪萊等。1817年，在雪萊的幫助下濟慈出版了第一本詩歌集。他的弟弟湯姆死后，濟慈搬到了好友查爾斯·布朗家，并愛上了美麗時尚的女孩法妮。因為深陷愛情和詩歌中，他耗盡了自己的精神。1819年的秋天，濟慈試著做一份普通工作使自己從文學中抽離。然而1820年2月他十分確切的肺癆跡象，打破了他對未來所有的規劃。當年冬天，他搬到了意大利，希望病情有所好轉。但在 1821年2月23日，濟慈去世，隨后被葬在新教徒公墓。他臨死前要求墓碑上不刻姓名，只寫著“這里安息著一個姓名寫在水里的人。”

(2) Major Works of Keats （濟慈的主要作品）

Endymion （1818） 《恩底彌翁》

Isabella 《伊莎貝拉》

The Eve of St. Agnes 《圣阿格尼絲前夜》

Hyperion （1816） 《赫披里昂》

“Ode on a Grecian Urn” （1819） 《希臘古甕頌》

“Ode to a Nightingale” （1819） 《夜鶯頌》

(3) Selected works （選讀作品）

◆Ode on a Grecian Urn《希臘古甕頌》

The ode suggests that the poet’s imagination runs wild when looking at a Grecian urn. He reckons the urn as a symbol for the joy of eternal life and for the immortalizing power of art and imagination.

《希臘古甕頌》透露出詩人在面對希臘古甕時的萬千思緒。詩人把古甕當作永恒生活的幸福的象征，也是藝術和想象力的象征。