第6單元　浪漫主義詩人（1）

6.1　復(fù)習(xí)筆記

1William Blake （1757-1827） （威廉·布萊克）

(1) Life （生平）

William Blake, born on 28 November 1757, was the son of a London hosier （襪商）. The boy never went to school. He picked up education as well as he could. As a British poet, painter and engraver, Blake proclaimed the supremacy of the imagination over the rationalism and materialism of the 18th century. In his old age Blake gave up poetry to devote himself to painting and engraving. Among Blake’s later artistic works are drawings and engravings for Dante’s Divine Comedy and the 21 illustrations to the book of Job. In 1827, Blake died in obscurity and poverty. Though generally dismissed as an eccentric during his lifetime, posterity rediscovered Blake and today he is highly rated both as a poet and artist.

威廉·布萊克生于1757年11月28日，是倫敦一襪商之子。他從未接受過正式的學(xué)校教育。但是他盡一切可能的自學(xué)。作為英國詩人，畫家和雕刻家，布萊克宣稱應(yīng)該將想像放在理性和物質(zhì)主義之上。布萊克晚年停止寫詩，全心投入畫畫和雕刻。他的晚年作品包括關(guān)于但丁《神曲》的繪畫和雕刻以及《約伯書》的21幅插圖。1827年布萊克在默默無聞和貧困交加中死去。雖然一生得不到同時代人的理解和認可，布萊克的才華得到后世子孫的承認。

(2) Major Works of Blake （布萊克主要作品）

Poetical Sketches （1783） 《詩歌素描》

Song of Innocence （1789） 《天真之歌》

Song of Experience （1794） 《經(jīng)驗之歌》

The Book of Thel （1789） 《賽爾書》

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell （1790） 《天堂與地獄的結(jié)合》

Visions of the Daughters of Albion （1793） 《阿爾比昂的女兒們之幻想》

The Song of Los （1795） 《羅斯之歌》

(3) Selected Works （作品選讀）

◆Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》

Songs of Innocence contains poems which were apparently written for children. Blake succeeded in depicting the happy condition of a child before it knows anything about the pains of existence. The poet expressed his delight in the sun, the hills, the streams, the insects and the flowers, in the innocence of the child and of the lamb.

“The Lamb” in the first stanza, the speaker wonders who the lamb’s creator is; the answer lies at the end of the poem. Here we find a physical description of the lamb, a pure and gentle creature. In the second stanza, the lamb is compared with the infant Jesus, as well as with the speaker’s soul. In the last two lines the speaker identifies the creator: God.

《天真之歌》是明顯為孩子寫的詩歌集。布萊克成功刻畫了孩子在了解世間痛苦之前所擁有的那種開心。詩人表達了自己在陽光里、在山谷中、在小溪旁、在昆蟲和鮮花簇擁下、在孩子和羔羊的天真里所感受到的愉快。

在《羔羊》第一節(jié)中,作者提出是誰創(chuàng)造了羔羊這一問題,問題的答案就在詩歌的最后。在這里我們看到栩栩如生的羔羊,溫柔、敦厚。在第二節(jié),作者把羔羊和圣嬰進行對比，以及將小羔羊和作者的靈魂對比。最后兩行回答了開始提出的問題：是上帝創(chuàng)造了羔羊。

◆Songs of Experience《經(jīng)驗之歌》

In this collection of poems, the poet drew pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable. It makes a progress in the poet’s outlook on life. In the earlier collection there seems to be no shadows. To the poet’s eyes, the first glimpse of the world was a picture of light, harmony, peace and love. But in the later years, experiences had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people’s life.

“The Tyger” is the sister poem to “The Lamb” (from “Songs of Innocence”), a reflection of similar ideas from a different perspective, but it focuses more on goodness than evil. The poem also presents a duality between aesthetic beauty and primal ferocity. The speaker wonders whether the hand that created “The Lamb” also created “The Tyger”.

“The Sick Rose” is a poem by William Blake, published in Songs of Experience in 1794. The poem shares the common theme of death and destruction in the collection, telling of a rose that has reached the end of its lifespan in the advent of the creeping winter.

There are many references to the darker side of human nature in this poem, and the death resulting from it. The rose is slowly dismantled by a number of factors—the “invisible worm”, flies that seek to eat the rose for sustenance, and the “howling storm” in which the rose doesn’t stand a chance. The “crimson joy” is perhaps the strongest link to human death, referring to a lust for blood. There may also be sexual connotations in the poem, referring to the loss of virginity.

在這本選集里，詩人描述了人民的貧困生活，不幸遭遇和愁苦心事。這本詩集標志著詩人人生觀的發(fā)展進步。在《天真之歌》中，讀者找不到黑暗，對于詩人來說，第一眼看到的世界是一個充滿光明、和諧、平靜以及慈愛的世界。但是在詩人人生后期，經(jīng)歷使詩人對于邪惡力量和人生的痛苦有了更為清楚的認識。

“老虎”是“羔羊”的姊妹篇，被收入到《經(jīng)驗之歌》。這首詩只是從不同的角度表達了和“羔羊”相同的思想，但是“老虎”更側(cè)重人性中好的一方面。這首詩也表達了美和惡之間的雙重性。作者感嘆是不是創(chuàng)造了“羔羊”的雙手同樣創(chuàng)造了“老虎”。

“病玫瑰”也是《經(jīng)驗之歌》里的一首小詩。這首詩秉承了詩集中死亡和毀滅的主題，描寫了風暴之夜一朵玫瑰遭蟲害侵襲而夭折。

詩中很多隱喻。玫瑰慢慢地被很多因素摧殘——“看不到的昆蟲”、“咆哮的風暴”等。全詩也暗示，由于“黑色隱秘的愛”愛情不再清純美麗，喪失了天真和貞潔。

(4) Blake’s Position in English Literature （布萊克在英國文學(xué)中的地位）

The whole temper of Blake’s genius was essentially opposed to the classical tradition of that age. His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit, according to which natural sentiment and individual originality are essential to literary creation. Blake’s revolutionary passion came near to that of Shelly. There is strong likeness between Shelly and Blake: the imagery and symbolism as well as the underlying spirit of Shelly’s revolutionary epics find their nearest parallel in Blake’s prophetic books.

布萊克的突出成就在于他反對當時的古典主義傳統(tǒng)。他的抒情詩歌顯示出浪漫氣息，浪漫主義強調(diào)自然情感和個體的原創(chuàng)性是文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的基本。布萊克與雪萊有相似的革命情懷。兩人之間存在著許多共同點，雪萊的革命詩歌中意象的應(yīng)用和象征主義手法以及潛在的革命精神在布萊克的預(yù)言詩中找到了最直接的呼應(yīng)。

2Burns （1759-1796） （彭斯）

(1) Life （生平）

Robert Burns was born in 1759, Scotland. His father was a poor, honest Scottish peasant who toiled hard to sustain the whole family. In spite of their poverty, Burns was extremely well read at the insistence of his father, who employed a tutor for Burns and his younger brother. In 1786, bankruptcy threatened his family, Burns resolved to go abroad in search of a living. However, at the point of abandoning farming, his first poem collection was published and received much acclaim. This, together with pride of parenthood, made him stay in Scotland. The late years of Burns’s life were devoted to penning great poetic masterpieces such as “Auld Lang Syne”, and “A Red, Red Rose”.

羅伯特·彭斯于1759年生于蘇格蘭。父親是一位貧苦忠厚的蘇格蘭農(nóng)民，整日勞作辛苦持家。雖然家庭貧苦，父親還是為彭斯和弟弟請來家教，在父親的支持和鼓勵下彭斯閱讀了不少書籍。1786年，全家面臨破產(chǎn)的窘境，彭斯決定到國外謀生，但就在臨走之際，他的第一部詩集發(fā)表并廣受好評，這一情形加上彭斯對自己血統(tǒng)的自豪，使他留在了蘇格蘭。彭斯生命的最后幾年創(chuàng)作了諸如《往昔時光》和《一朵紅紅的玫瑰》膾炙人口的詩歌。

(2) Major works （主要作品）

Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect （1786） 《蘇格蘭方言詩集》

“The Tree of Liberty” （1794） 《自由樹》

“Scots, Wha Hae” （1793） 《蘇格蘭人》

“My Heart’s in the Highlands” （1794） 《我的心在高原》

“A Red, Red Rose” （1794） 《一朵紅紅的玫瑰》

“Auld Lang Syne” （1788） 《昔日時光》

(3) The Poetry of Burns （彭斯的詩歌）

Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects. Many of Burns’ songs are of love and friendship, which describe the poet’s own emotions vividly and simply. Some of his poems are of patriotism, such as Bruce at Bannockburn. The theme of revolution also appears in Burns’ poems, influenced by the French Revolution. In poems like The Slave’s Lament, Burns expressed his sympathy for the miseries of the Negro slaves. He also achieved success in the field of satire, such as in the poem The Toadeater. Some of his poems are characterized by humour and lightheartedness.

彭斯主要因為自己主題廣泛地以蘇格蘭方言寫成的詩歌為大家熟記。他的許多詩歌是關(guān)于友誼和愛情。一些詩歌是關(guān)于愛國主義的，如《布魯士在班諾克本》。還有是受法國大革命影響表現(xiàn)革命情懷的。在《奴隸怨》中，彭斯則表達了對黑人奴隸的同情。同樣，他也在諷刺詩中取得成功，如他的《之諂媚者》。一些詩則以幽默和愉快為特色。

(4) Features of Burns’ Poetry （彭斯詩歌的特點）

Burns is the national poet of Scotland. His songs are Scottish to the core. He is a poet of the people, as well as a poet of the peasants. His great success was also largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery of the old song tradition. He often revised old songs and improved them by a process of omission, condensation and addition, so that they become transformed into noble and finished masterpieces.

彭斯是蘇格蘭的國家詩人，他的詩歌徹頭徹尾是蘇格蘭的。他既是人們的詩人，更是一位農(nóng)民詩人。他巨大的成功很大程度上也歸功于他對古老歌謠傳統(tǒng)的淵博知識和杰出把握。他經(jīng)常對古老的歌謠進行修改，通過一系列諸如省略、濃縮和增加的改善手段將它們轉(zhuǎn)化為珍貴和完美的杰作。

(5) Selected works （作品選讀）

◆My Love is a Red Red Rose《一朵紅紅的玫瑰》

It is one of Burns’ most popular love songs in Scottish dialect. Its charm mainly lies in its rhythmic simplicity, its vehement sentiment and the wisdom revealed in it.

這是彭斯以蘇格蘭方言寫成的最為知名的愛情歌謠之一。它簡單的韻律、濃郁的感情以及內(nèi)中隱藏的智慧正是其流傳千古的原因。

◆Auld Lang Syne《往昔時光》

Inspired by an ancient folksong, Burns composed this universal parting song. It recalls the happy friendship and sighs over its being hindered by the cruel reality.

受一首古老民間歌謠的啟發(fā)，彭斯寫下了這首廣泛流傳的離別歌謠。其中詩人回憶了快樂的童年跟伙伴結(jié)下的友誼，哀嘆殘酷的現(xiàn)實無情地把他們分離。

3Wordsworth （1770-1850） （華茲華斯）

(1) Life （生平）

William Wordsworth, the representative of the early romanticism, was born in 1770, in a lawyer’s family. He studied at Cambridge from 1787 to 1791. He was a warm supporter of the French Revolution. In 1797 he made friends with Coleridge. In their partnership, Coleridge was to take up the “supernatural or at least romantic” subjects, while Wordsworth was to “give the charm of novelty to things of every day”. In 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads. Coleridge’s contribution was his masterpiece “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”. The majority of the poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth. Later, Wordsworth’s attitude towards the revolution changed and he gave up his former political enthusiasm. He lived in seclusion for a full half century in the Lake District. Then he was made poet laureate in 1843. He was eighty when he died in 1850.

William Wordsworth，Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey are called Lake Poets.

威廉·華茲華斯是早期浪漫主義代表。他于1770年生于一個律師家庭。1787-1791年，他在劍橋?qū)W習(xí)。當時他是法國大革命的熱心支持者。1797年，他與柯勒律治結(jié)識。他們兩個一起寫成《抒情歌謠集》，柯勒律治寫的是“超自然至少是浪漫”的題材，華茲華斯更多是將“日常生活中的普通事賦予新奇的吸引力”。1798年，詩集出版，柯勒律治的貢獻是他的名著《古舟子詠》，其中大多數(shù)詩歌是華茲華斯所作。后來，華茲華斯改變了政治觀點。從此他隱居湖區(qū)長達半個世紀之久。1843年，華茲華斯被封為桂冠詩人。他于1850年去世。

華茲華斯，柯勒律治和騷塞三人被稱為“湖畔派詩人”。

(2) Major Works of Wordsworth （主要作品）

The Prelude （1798-1839） 《序曲》

“Lines Written in Early Spring” 《早春遣句》

Lucy Poems （1799） 《露茜組詩》

“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” （1804） 《我好似一朵流云獨自漫游》

“Ode: Intimations of Immortality” （1807） 《不朽頌》

“The Solitary Reaper” （1805） 《孤獨的收割女》

“To the Cuckoo” 《致杜鵑》

(3) Selected works （作品選讀）

◆I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud《我如行云獨自游》

This poem, written in 1804, describes the poet’s own experience based on his recollection in tranquility. In the poem Wordsworth sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself. It is written in iambic tetrameter, with the rhyme scheme of “ababcc” in each stanza.

該詩創(chuàng)作于1804年，是詩人于寧靜之中對獨自漫游時光的回憶。在本詩中，詩人歌頌了自然事物之間的和諧以及詩人自己與自然之間的融洽。本詩采用抑揚格四音步，每一小節(jié)的韻腳為“ababcc”。

(4) Features of Wordsworth’s Poems （華茲華斯詩歌的特征）

His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. The subject of his poems is the common people and common things in the common life. The language of his poem is the language of the common people. Nature poems are very famous.

Many a critic has pointed out that nearly all Wordsworth’s good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career (1789-1807), when he still kept his early, political enthusiasm or at least retained some contact with the real life of his time.

他的詩歌以語言的簡練純粹出名。詩歌的主題是普通生活中的平常人和平常事。詩歌的語言是普通人的語言，自然詩很出名。

許多評論家指出他最好的詩歌是在他文學(xué)生涯的前幾十年里，即他還未與世隔絕并且保持著政治激情時。

4Coleridge （1772-1834） （柯勒律治）

(1) Life （生平）

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet and critic, was born in the family of a country clergyman. He was radical in his youth. What he connected most in his life was his creative imagination. From 1795 began the famous friendship between Coleridge and Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy.

Coleridge was also a literary critic, good at giving lectures. He was the first critic of the Romantic school.  Coleridge was a highly gifted man but a great dreamer.

He became an opium-eater owing to some neurotic pain. As with Wordsworth, he became more and more conservative as years went on.

塞繆爾·泰勒·柯勒律治生于鄉(xiāng)村牧師家庭。他是著名詩人和評論家。青年時期，他的思想很激進。他一生中最引人注意的是他頗具創(chuàng)造力的想象。他和華茲華斯兄妹的友誼始于1795年。

柯勒律治也是一名文學(xué)批評家，他很擅長做講座。柯勒律治是浪漫主義學(xué)派第一個評論家。他是一個極富天賦的人，但同時也是一個夢想家。

由于神經(jīng)痛，他開始吸食鴉片。同華茲華斯一樣，隨著年齡的增長，他也越來越保守。

(2) Major Works of Coleridge （柯勒律治主要作品）

“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” （1798） 《古舟子詠》

“Kubla Khan” （1797） 《忽必烈汗》

“Christabel” （1797-1800） 《克里斯塔貝爾》

Biographia Literaria （1817） 《文學(xué)傳記》

◆Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》

This is a dream-vision that was written right after the poet’s dream. The poem tells of the mystery of poetic creation.

The king that Coleridge has in mind is not the Khan but the perfect poet. The beautiful garden and the grand palace that the Khan orders to build is in fact the poet’s idea of a perfect poem.

It consists of three parts. The first part touches upon a few things which are essential to the understanding of the poem. The metaphors of this part point to the theme of the poem: the poetic inspiration and the importance of unconsciousness to poetic composition. Part two collects a lot of images that are not supposed to be together. This section tries to make it clear that, in order to write a perfect poem, the poet has to be a Dionysus, and has to go down to hell, which is another way of saying “dipping into the unconscious”. Part three expresses the poet’s wish for freedom and joy that a perfect celestial poet would enjoy. The end of the poem reveals the poet’s ambition to write a perfect poem.

該詩是根據(jù)詩人的一次夢境寫成的。主題是詩歌創(chuàng)作的奧秘。詩人筆下的國王象征著完美詩人，其描述的美麗花園和輝煌的宮殿象征著詩人心目中的完美詩歌。

該詩分為三部分。第一部分引出一些與理解詩歌有關(guān)的東西。這一部分所用暗喻有點題的作用，間接暗示的主題是詩歌創(chuàng)作靈感和詩歌創(chuàng)作過程中無意識的重要性。第二部分堆砌了很多看似不相干的意象，這一部分試圖表達作者的創(chuàng)作觀：要寫出一部絕佳的詩歌，詩人必須像想象力豐富的狄奧尼索斯一樣，必須深入到地獄去，意思就是說要深入到人的無意識。第三部分表達了詩人對一個天才詩人擁有的自由與快樂的向往。詩歌結(jié)尾透露詩人想創(chuàng)作完美詩歌的抱負。