第5單元　冒險小說作家

5.1　復習筆記

1Daniel Defoe （1660-1731） （丹尼爾·笛福）

(1) Life （生平）

Daniel Defoe was born in London, the son of a butcher named Foe, and later added the aristocratic prefix. Defoe was a kind of jack-of-all-trades. He was a merchant, soldier, economist, politician, journalist, pamphleteer, publicist and novelist. He is also a radical nonconformist in religion. His remarkable pamphlet supporting the free churches led to an imprisonment. After his release in 1704, he entered the government employed as a kind of spy or secret–service agent. At 60, he turned to fiction, later gained enough fame and fortune, and retired to Newington where he lived in comfort. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel, as he helped to popularize the form in Britain, and is even referred to as the founder of the English novel.

丹尼爾·笛福生于倫敦，父親是個姓福的肉商，后來他給自己的姓加上了貴族前綴。笛福是位多面手。他是商人、戰士、經濟學家、政治家、記者、宣傳冊作者、時事評論家和小說家。他也是激進的不信奉國教者。他一本有名的支持自由教會的小冊子讓他入了獄。1704年出獄后，他被政府雇傭為間諜或者說特工。60歲后，他轉向小說寫作，不久便名利雙收，隨后退隱紐因頓，生活十分愜意。他因《魯賓遜漂流記》取得了不朽的名聲，也是早期小說家之一，他推動了小說在英國的流行，甚至被稱為英國小說的創始者。

(2) Major Works of Defoe （主要作品）

Robinson Crusoe （1719） 《魯濱遜漂流記》

Captain Singleton （1720） 《辛格頓船長》

Moll Flanders （1722） 《摩爾·弗蘭德斯》

Colonel Jacque （1722） 《陸軍上校杰克》

(3) Selected works （作品選讀）

◆Robinson Crusoe《魯濱遜漂流記》

Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece. It is based on a real fact of which Defoe made use and wrote when he was 59. He embellished the sailor’s true story with many incidents of his own imagination. So the novel reads like a true story.

The best part of the novel is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor.

Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. “Master” is the first word Friday learns from Robinson. Here lies colonization in term.

笛福被人熟記的作品是他的杰作《魯賓遜漂流記》。該書是建立在現實發生的事件上。笛福在59歲時寫此書。他用自己豐富的想象力潤飾了那位水手的真實經歷，因此這部小說讀起來像真實發生的一樣。

小說最精彩的部分是魯濱遜獨自在荒島上戰勝無情自然的現實主義描述。笛福贊揚人類勞動。

魯濱遜是英國資產階級在發展早期的代表人物，他是最為實際最為精確的一個人，永遠保持宗教信仰同時對于自己的利益十分留意。“主人”是禮拜五從魯濱遜那里學來的第一個詞，這反映了殖民主義思想。

2Jonathan Swift （1667-1745） （喬納森·斯威夫特）

(1) Life （生平）

Jonathan Swift was a satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, poet and cleric. He was born of poor English parents in Dublin. After graduated from Dublin University, he worked for a distant relative, Sir William Temple, a statesman and diplomat. He spent ten best years of his life in Moor Park, where he read and studied widely. Well aware of his literary superiority and unbearable of his being belittled, Swift left his patron, entered the Church of England, and later settled in a little church in Ireland. Then he gradually developed his satiric talent and gave up his church to enter the strife of party politics. He became a dictator in the literature field. Later he became the Dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin, where he stayed with the Irish in their fight for improving their lot. Swift had been afflicted from his earliest youth with a brain disease which caused him intense pain. Finally his disease ended in madness, and after suffering great pain, he died in utter misery in 1745.

喬納森·斯威夫特是一位諷刺作家、散文家、政治宣傳者、詩人和圣職人員。他生于都柏林一個貧窮家庭，父母是英格蘭人。從都柏林大學畢業后，他在一個遠親威廉·坦普爾爵士手下工作，坦普爾爵士是政治家和外交官。斯威夫特在摩爾公園度過了人生最美好的十年，博覽群書。然而，他很清楚自己比雇主更有文學才能，且忍受不了被輕視，他辭了職，加入英國國教，之后在愛爾蘭的一個小教堂任職。他的諷刺才華日漸成熟，便辭去神職，投身黨派政治斗爭，成為文學界的領導者。后來他成為都柏林圣帕特里克教堂的教長，期間他和愛爾蘭人民一起為他們的權利而戰。斯威夫特一直受年輕時就患有的腦疾困擾。最后疾病導致他的精神失常，在承受巨大痛苦之后，斯威夫特于1745年在痛苦中死去。

(2) Major Works of Swift （主要作品）

The Battle of the Books （1697） 《書籍之戰》

A Tale of a Tub （1697） 《一只桶的故事》

Gulliver’s Travels （1726） 《格列佛游記》

The Drapier’s Letters （1724） 《布商來信》

A Modest Proposal （1729） 《一個溫和的建議》

◆Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游記》

Swift wrote his greatest novel Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland. In this book, Swift showed his hatred to all kinds of oppression-political, economic and religious. But he cherished a great love for the people.

The story of the book is divided into four parts. In the first part, Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high. In his account of two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England. Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians: “ Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”

The second part is about the voyage to Brobdingnag.

The third part is a satire on philosophers.

In the last part, Gulliver’s satire is of the bitterest. Swift typifies the bourgeois world in the repellent images of man like creatures-Yahoos. He also drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English state system.

斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游記》寫于愛爾蘭。斯威夫特在書中表達了對各種壓迫的厭惡，和對人們的熱愛。

這本書分成四部分。在第一部分格列佛描述了一個叫利立浦特的地方海船失事。這兒的人最高的有六英尺高。這個國家有兩黨，根據鞋跟高低來劃分，以此諷刺英國的托利黨和輝格黨。利立浦特人根據雞蛋應該在大頭兒砸開還是小頭兒砸開來劃分，以此諷刺英國的宗教紛爭。

第二部分是關于到大人國的旅行。

第三部分是對哲學家的諷刺。

在最后一部分，格列佛的諷刺最嚴厲。斯威夫特資產階級世界形象化為令人討厭的人型狀的動物——雅虎。他無情地鞭笞了墮落的貴族諷刺了整個英國國家系統。

Comment （賞析）

Gulliver’s Travels is a book with multi-angle deep criticism to many sides of human nature. The whole adventure of Gulliver is a process to gradually understand human beings and the way towards pessimism and disillusionment. His ridicule and criticism to the society, the scrutiny to the life and the comment and criticism to the human nature are totally shown in that fairy-tale world.

《格列佛游記》是一本從多角度深刻批判人性的諸多方面的一本書。整個冒險過程也是格列佛逐步理解人性、悲觀和虛假的一個過程。他對社會的嘲諷和對人性的評論和批評完全通過一個童話世界來體現。

(3) Swift’s Style （斯威夫特的風格）

a. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.”

b. He seems to have no difficulty in finding words to express exactly the impression which he wishes to convey.

c. He is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony.

a. 斯威夫特是最偉大的英國散文家之一。他的語言簡潔明了，充滿活力。他說，在恰當的地方放上恰當的詞，這就是風格的真正含義。

b. 他在選擇詞語來表達自己文意時，總是信手拈來。

c. 他是位諷刺大師，諷刺一針見血。但是他的嘲諷卻總是隱藏于表面的嚴肅之后，不動聲色的平靜下面潛伏著辛辣的諷刺。