第7章　詞與構(gòu)詞法

7.1　復(fù)習(xí)筆記

語言具有任意性，有些新詞的產(chǎn)生完全是偶然的。例如hoover(電動(dòng)吸塵器)源自吸塵器生產(chǎn)商William.H.Hoover的大名。

本章要點(diǎn)：

Word-formation processes of Modern English現(xiàn)代英語的構(gòu)詞法

本章考點(diǎn)：

現(xiàn)代英語的構(gòu)詞法:造詞、借詞、合成、混合、縮略、逆構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)換、首字母縮略、派生的定義和構(gòu)成形式，前綴、后綴和中綴。

本章內(nèi)容索引：

I. Words

1．Neologism

2．Etymology

II. Word-formation processes

1．Coinage

2．Borrowing

3．Compounding

4．Blending

5．Clipping

6．Back formation

7．Conversion

8．Acronym

9．Derivation

III. Multiple processes

I. Words（詞匯）

1．Neologism（新詞）

Neologism means a new word. 新詞指的是新的單詞。

2．Etymology（語源學(xué)）

Etymology refers to the study of the origin and history of words.

語源學(xué)指的是研究詞的起源和歷史。

II. Word-formation processes（構(gòu)詞法）

【考點(diǎn)】現(xiàn)代英語的構(gòu)詞法:造詞、借詞、合成、混合、縮略、逆構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)換、首字母縮略、派生的定義和構(gòu)成形式

1．Coinage（造詞法）

(1) Definition（定義）

Coinage is one of the least common processes of word-formation in English, that is, the invention of totally new terms.

造詞法在英語構(gòu)詞法中是最不常用的方法，指的是完全創(chuàng)造新詞。

(2) Examples（舉例）

Older examples are aspirin, nylon and zipper; more recent examples are kleenex, teflon and xerox.

較早之前的例子有aspirin, nylon等和較近的Xeror, Kodax, Clone等詞語都屬于造詞法。

2．Borrowing（借詞法）

(1) Definition（定義）

One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other languages.

e.g. croissant (French), dope (Dutch), lilac (Persian).

另一獲得新詞的最常見的手段是從別的語言中借用某些詞，被稱為借詞法。

(2) Loan translation（借譯）

A type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language, also called calque.

Examples are the French term gratte-ciel, which literally translates as ‘scrape-sky’, the Dutch wolkenkrabber (‘cloud scratcher’) or the German Wolkenkratzer (‘cloud scraper’), all of which were calques for the English skyscraper.

借譯是借詞的一種，單詞中的所有成分都譯入自己的語言中，也被稱為“語義轉(zhuǎn)借”。

3．Compounding（合成法）

(1) Definition（定義）

This combining process of joining two separate words to produce a single form technically known as compounding.

合成法就是把兩個(gè)自由語素組合起來產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新詞匯的過程。

(2) Examples（舉例）

English examples: bookcase, fingerprint, sunburn, wallpaper, doorknob, textbook, wastebasket and waterbed.

英語中的bookcase、fingerprint、sunburn等都是合成詞。

4．Blending（混合構(gòu)詞法）

(1) Definition（定義）

This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending.

However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.

混合構(gòu)詞法就是把原來兩個(gè)單詞的部分去掉，把剩余的部分組合起來構(gòu)成一個(gè)新的單詞的過程。

通常是將一個(gè)詞的首部與另一個(gè)詞的尾部結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成新詞。

(2) Examples（舉例）

Brunch comes from breakfast and lunch.

Smog comes from smoke and fog.

例如breakfast和lunch合成brunch，smoke和fog合成smog。

5．Clipping（縮略法）

(1) Definition（定義）

The element of reduction which is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable (facsimile) is reduced to a shorter form (fax), often in casual speech.

有時(shí)人們將多音節(jié)詞縮略成較短的詞，這一過程即縮略法。它通過刪除原詞的一個(gè)或更多音節(jié)來縮短原詞以產(chǎn)生新詞，通常用于非正式文體。

(2) Examples（舉例）

Facsimile is reduced to a shorter form fax. Other examples are ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab (cabriolet).

facsimile可以縮略為fax，等等。

6．Backformation（逆構(gòu)詞法）

(1) Definition（定義）

A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb).

有時(shí)把一種詞性(通常為名詞)的詞縮減成另一種詞性的詞(通常是動(dòng)詞)，這種縮減過程稱為逆構(gòu)。

(2) Examples（舉例）

The noun television first came into use and then the verb televise was created from it. Other examples of words created by this process are: donate (from ‘donation’), enthuse (from ‘enthusiasm’).

先有名詞television，之后才出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞televise。其它例子還有：donate（來自于donation）等。

(3) Hypocorism（昵稱）

A word-formation process in which a longer word is reduced to a shorter form with -y or -ie at the end (e.g. telly, movie).

長單詞縮減為短的單詞，并在詞尾加上-y或-ie（比如，telly, movie）。

7．Conversion（詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法）

(1) Definition（定義）

A change in the function of a word, as, for example, when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Other labels for this very common process are ‘category change’ and ‘functional shift’.

當(dāng)一個(gè)詞改變?cè)~性，獲得不同語法功能時(shí)，該詞經(jīng)歷了轉(zhuǎn)換過程。其它的標(biāo)志還包括“范疇的改變”和“功能的改變”。

(2) Examples（舉例）

A number of nouns, such as paper, butter, bottle, vacation, can, via the process of conversion, come to be used as verbs.

很多的名詞比如paper, butter, bottle, vacation都能轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。

8．Acronym（首字母縮略法）

(1) Definition（定義）

Some new words, known as acronyms, are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.

首字母縮略法是通過把若干單詞的首字母大寫組合在一起產(chǎn)生新詞的過程。

(2) Examples（舉例）

CD (‘compact disk’) or VCR (‘video cassette recorder’)

NASA or UNESCO.

9．Derivation（派生法）

【考點(diǎn)】前綴、后綴和中綴，粘著語素

(1) Definition（定義）

Derivation is the process of forming new words by adding affixes. It is by far the most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words.

派生法是借助前綴或后綴制造出新詞的方法，是至今為止英文中最常用的造詞法。

(2) Affix（詞綴）

It is a bound morpheme such as un- or -ed added to a word (e.g. undressed).

①Prefix: a bound morpheme added to the beginning of a word (e.g. un-).

②Suffix：a bound morpheme added to the end of a word （e.g. -ed, -ness）.

③Infix: a morpheme that is inserted in the middle of a word. It is not normally to be found in English, but fairly common in some other languages.

詞綴為粘著詞素，比如將un-或-ed添加到單詞（例如undressed）。

①前綴：加在單詞前面的粘著詞素（例如un-）。

②后綴：加在單詞后面的粘著詞素(例如-ed, -ness)。

③中綴：插在單詞中間的詞素。中綴在英語中很少見，但在其它語言中常見。

(3) Bound morpheme（粘著語素）

A morpheme such as un- or -ed that cannot stand alone and must be attached to another form.

像un-或-ed不能單獨(dú)使用，必須粘附在其他詞素上構(gòu)成單詞的語素。

III. Multiple processes（多重過程）

It is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word.

Analogy is a process of forming a new word to be similar in some way to an existing word.

一個(gè)新單詞的產(chǎn)生有可能涉及不止一種構(gòu)詞法。

類比指以某個(gè)現(xiàn)存的同類詞為模式，進(jìn)行聯(lián)想類比，替換其中的某個(gè)詞素，形成新詞的過程。