第6章　語音模式

6.1　復習筆記

音位學(phonology)主要描述語音系統和模式。但是，音位學不是研究發音的物理過程和特征，而是研究語音的抽象特征或心理特征。

本章要點：

1．Phonology 音位學

2．Phonemes, phones, and allophones 音位、音素和音位變體

3．Minimal pairs and sets 最小對立體和最小對立集

4．Rules of array 序列規則

5．Phonotactics 音位結構學

6．Syllables and clusters 音節和叢

7．Co-articulation effects 協同發音作用

8．Assimilation and Elision 同化和音節省略

本章考點：

音位學；音位、音素和音位變體；最小對立體和最小對立集，音位結構學，音節和音叢；序列規則，音位與音位變體的區別，輔音叢，協同發音、同化、音節省略的定義及辨識。

本章內容索引：

I. Phonology

1．Definition

2．Explanation

II. Phonemes

1．Definition

2．The token of phoneme

3．The contrastive property of phoneme

III. Phones and allophones

1．Phones

2．Allophones

IV. Minimal pairs and sets

1．Minimal pairs

2．Minimal sets

V. Phonotactics

1．Definition

2．Syllables and clusters

3．Rules of array

VI. Co-articulation effects

1．The definition of co-articulation effects

2．Assimilation

3．Elision

I. Phonology（音位學）

【考點】音位學的定義

1．Definition（定義）

Phonology is the study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.

音位學主要是研究語言中的語音系統及模式。

2．Explanation（解釋）

①Phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.

②Phonology serves as the constant basis of all the variations in different physical articulations of that sound type in different contexts.

①音位學主要是關于語言中語音的抽象的或心理方面的內容，而不是實際的發音。

②音位學構成了所有變體在各種語境中不同發音的基礎。

II.Phonemes（音位）

【考點】音位的定義，音位的辨音

1．Definition（定義）

Phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds of a language.

音位是對語音抽象的表示，是能夠區別意義的最小的語音單位。

2．The contrastive property of phoneme（音位的對比性特征）

①An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively.

②There are ‘features’ which distinguish each phoneme from the next.

①音位最根本的特征是它具有對比性功能。

②每個音位都有自己的音位特征，使之與其他音位相區別。

III. Phones and allophones（音素和音位變體）

【考點】音素和音位變體的定義，音位與音位變體的區別，音素和音位的區別

1．Phones（音素）

(1) Definition（定義）

The phoneme is the abstract unit or sound-type. Phones are different versions of that sound-type regularly produced in actual speech.

一個抽象的音位可能有若干個不同的發音方式，這些發音叫做音素。

(2) The distinction between phones and phonemes（音素與音位的區別）

Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning. But a phoneme is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.

音素不一定能區別意義，但音位是具有區別意義的單位。音位不是指某個具體的語音，而是通過音素在語音語境中得以表現出來。

2．Allophones（音位變體）

(1) Definition（定義）

The phones that can represent a phoneme in certain phonetic context are called its allophones.

同一個音位在不同的語音環境中的各種音素稱為該音位的音位變體。

(2) Distinction between phonemes and allophones（音位和音位變體的區別）

The crucial distinction between phonemes and allophones is that substituting one phoneme for another will result in a word with a different meaning (as well as a different pronunciation), but substituting allophones only results in a different (and perhaps odd) pronunciation of the same word.

音位和音位變體的主要區別在于用一種音位替換另一種音位會導致單詞的意思發生改變（發音也會改變），但是替換音位變體，單詞不變，發音會改變（可能會顯得有些怪異）。

IV. Minimal pairs and sets（最小對立體和最小對立集）

【考點】最小對立體和最小對立集的定義及區分

1．Minimal pairs（最小對立體）

Minimal pairs are two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.

最小對立體指的是兩個單詞除了一個語音片段之外其余部分完全相同的狀態，這種能區別不同音位的成對單詞叫最小對立體。

2．Minimal sets（最小對立集）

When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set.

只在同一個語音位置上有差別的成組單詞叫做最小對立集。

V. Phonotactics（音位結構學）

【考點】音位結構學、音節和叢的定義；序列規則

1．Definition（定義）

Phonotactics studies constrains that govern possible sequences or positions of phonemes.

音位結構學研究的是限制音位可能的順序或位置的規則。

2．Syllables and clusters（音節和音叢）

(1) Syllable（音節）

A syllable must contain a vowel (or vowel-like) sound. The most common type of syllable in language also has a consonant before the vowel, often represented as CV.

①Onset: one or more consonants.

②Rime (also written as “rhyme”): consists of the vowel, which is treated as the nucleus, plus any following consonant(s), treated as the coda.

一個音節必然包括一個元音（或類似元音的音）。語言中最常見一種的音節是，在元音前有一個輔音，通常表示為CV。

①音節頭：一個或多個輔音。

②韻腳：包括元音（被稱為“音節核”）和后面的輔音（被稱做“音節尾”）。

(2) Consonant cluster (CC)（輔音叢）

Both the onset and the coda can consist of more than one consonant, also known as a consonant cluster (CC).

音節頭和音節尾可以由多個輔音組成，也被稱作輔音叢。

(3) Three consonants (CCC)（三個輔音的輔音叢）

English actually can have larger onset clusters, as in stress and splat, consisting of three consonants (CCC).

英語中還有更大的輔音叢，例如在單詞stress和splat中，就有三個輔音組成的輔音叢。

3．Rules of array（序列規則）

The first consonant must always be /s/, followed by one of the voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, /k/) and then one of the approximants (/r/,/1/,/w/).

第一音位必須是/s/。第二個音位必須是/p/或/t/或/k/。第三個音位必須是/1/或/r/或/w/。

VI. Co-articulation effects（協同發音作用）

【考點】協同發音、同化、音節省略的定義及辨識

1．Definition of co-articulation（協同發音的定義）

The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next is called co-articulation. There are two well-known co-articulation effects, called “assimilation” and “elision”.

當涉及到這種同時或重合的發音時，我們稱之為協同發音。主要包括“同化”和“省略”現象。

2．Assimilation（同化）

When two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or “copied” by the other, the process is known as assimilation.

在音位序列中，一個音位的某個特征被另一個音位復制或吸收的過程稱作同化。

3．Elision（省音）

The “omission” of a sound segment which would be present in the deliberate pronunciation of a word in isolation is technically described as elision.

省音是指省略音節之間或詞與詞之間的音素，是快速語流中的自然現象。