第5章　語　音

5.1　復習筆記

本章要點：

1．The definition of classification of phonetics

語音學的定義和分類

2．Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels

輔音和元音的區別、分類及描寫規則

3．Manner of articulation and place of articulation

發音方式和發音部位

本章考點：

語音學的定義；發音語音學；聽覺語音學；聲學語音學；發音部位、發音方式和分類；英語元音的定義和分類、基本元音；和輔音的區別等。

本章內容索引：

I. Phonetics

1．The definition of phonetics

2．Four major research areas of phonetics

(1) Articulatory phonetics

(2) Acoustic phonetics

(3) Auditory phonetics

(4) Forensic phonetics

II. Articulation: voiced and voiceless

1．Speech organs

2．Voiced sounds

3．Voiceless sounds

III. Consonants

1．The definition of consonants

2．Place of articulation

3．Charting consonant sounds

4．Manner of articulation

IV. Vowels

1．The definition of vowels

2．Monophthongs and Diphthongs

3．The distinction between vowels and consonants

4．Notes on the vowel chart

I. Phonetics（語音學）

【考點】語音學的定義和研究領域

1．The definition of phonetics（語音學的定義）

The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. It studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.

語音學研究語音的特點。語音學研究語音如何發出、傳遞和接收。

2．Four research areas of phonetics（語音學四大研究領域）

①Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, or “articulated”. It has been the primary interest.

②Acoustic phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves ‘in the air’.

③Auditory phonetics deals with the perception, via the ear, of speech sounds.

④Forensic phonetics has applications in legal cases involving speaker identification and the analysis of recorded utterances.

①發音語言學研究語音的發生，是語音學研究的主要興趣所在。

②聲學語音學研究語音作為聲波的物質特征。

③感知語音學(或聽覺語音學)研究語音的感知。

④司法語音學用于法律案件中研究語音識別和分析錄音材料。

II. Articulation: voiceless and voiced（發音：清音和濁音）

【考點】清音和濁音的定義

1．Speech organs（發音器官）

①Speech organs(vocal organs) are those part of the human body involved in the production of speech.

The lungs, the trachea, the throat, the nose and the mouth

The mouth: the tongue, the plate

The throat: pharynx (upper), larynx (lower)

The vocal tract: the pharynx, mouth, and nose

The mouth: the oral cavity

The nose: the nasal cavity

②The vocal cords are either apart, close together, or totally closed.

①發音器官指人體參與發音的部分。

肺、氣管、喉嚨、鼻子和嘴

嘴：舌頭、腭

喉嚨：咽、喉

聲道：咽、嘴和鼻子

嘴：口腔

鼻子：鼻腔

②聲帶可以張開、閉合或完全關閉。

2．Voiceless sounds（清音）

When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.

發音過程中聲帶舒展，氣流從胸腔順利通過口腔，毫無阻力，此時發出的聲音為清音。

3．Voiced sounds（濁音）

When the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced.

發音過程中聲帶收緊，氣流沖破阻力產生震動，發出的音為濁音。

III.. Consonants（輔音）

1．The definition of consonants（輔音的定義）

【考點】輔音的定義&根據描述指出輔音名稱

Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

發音時，聲道的某些部位受到壓縮或阻礙后，使得氣流在口腔里轉向、受阻或被完全阻塞，由此產生的音叫做輔音。

2．Place of articulation（發音部位）

In terms of place of articulation, the consonants can be grouped into:

Bilabials: [p, b, m, w]

Labiodentals: [f, v]

Dentals:[θ, e]

Alveolars: [t, d, n, s, z, r, l ]

Palatals: [?, t?, ?, ?, j]

Velars: [k, g, ?]

Glottal: [h]

按發音部位分類，輔音可分為：

雙唇音：[p, b, m, w]

唇齒音：[f, v]

齒音：[θ, e]

齒齦音：[t, d, n, s, z, r, l ]

硬腭音：[?, t?, ?, ?, j]

軟腭音：[k, g, ?]

聲門音：[h]

3．Charting consonant sounds（輔音音圖）

(1) The basic information of the chart（音圖的基本信息）

Along the top of the chart are the different labels for places of articulation and, under each, the labels -V (= voiceless) and +V (= voiced).

圖表的頂部標記著不同的發音位置，每個位置下方都標記著-V（表示濁音），或+V（表示清音）。

(2) Limitations of the chart（音圖的局限性）

①This chart is less comprehensive than the one produced by the International Phonetic Association (IPA).

②Another one is the single entry covering r sounds in English.

③In some phonetic descriptions, there are different symbols for few of the sounds represented here, compared with that of IPA.

①該音圖相比IPA不全面。

②“r”音在該表中只表示了一種形式，并不全面。

③該表中一些語音符號與IPA中有些不同。

4．Manner of articulation（發音方式）

In terms of manners of articulation, consonants can be grouped into:

Stops(plosive): [p, b, t ,d, k, g]

Fricatives:[f, v, θ, e, s, z, ?, ?, h]

Affricates: [d?, t?]

Nasals:[m, n, ?]

Approximants:[w, j, l, r, h]

Glottal stop:[?]

Flap: [D] or [?]

按發音方式分類，輔音可分為：

爆破音: [p, b, t, ,d, k, g]

擦音: [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ?, ?, h]

塞擦音: [d?, t?]

鼻音:[m, n, ?]

通音: [w, j, l, r, h]

聲門塞音：[?]

閃音：[D]，有時也用[?]表示。

IV. Vowels（元音）

【考點】描述給定元音&根據描述指出元音名稱

1．The definition of vowels（元音的定義）

Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

發音時，聲道不受任何壓縮或阻礙，因此不會有氣流的紊亂或停滯，由此產生的音叫做元音。

(1) The Height of the Tongue（舌頭最高部分的高度）

Front vowels: [i:] [?] [?] [?]

Central vowels: [?] [?]

Back vowels: [u] [?] [o] [?] [ɑ]

前元音：[i:] [?] [?] [?]

中元音：[?] [?]

后元音：[u] [?] [o] [?] [ɑ]

(2) The Shape of the Lips（唇的圓展度）

Rounded vowels: [u:] [u] [?:] [?]

Unrounded vowels: [i:] [?] [e] [?] [?] [ɑ] [?:] [?] [?] [ɑ:]

圓唇音：[u:] [u] [?:] [?]

展唇音：[i:] [?] [e] [?] [?] [ɑ] [?:] [?] [?] [ɑ:]

(3) The Width of the Mouth（開口的寬度）

Open vowels: [?], [ɑ], [?], [ɑ:]

Close vowels: [i:], [?],[u:], [u]

Semi-open vowels: [?:] [e] [?] [?:] [?] [?]

開元音：[?], [ɑ], [?], [ɑ:]

閉元音：[i:], [?],[u:], [u]

半開元音：[?:] [e] [?] [?:] [?] [?]

2．Monophthongs and Diphthongs（單元音與雙元音）

Monophthong: They are those pure vowels that have an unchanging quality, either from the number or the constant quality.

Diphthong: A sequence of two sounds produced from one vowel position to another.

單元音：指在數量上和性質上都恒定不變的純元音。

雙元音：發音時由第一個單元音滑向第二個單元音，所產生的音的組合就叫做雙元音。

3．The distinction between vowels and consonants（元音和輔音的區別）

①The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.

②As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.

①元音和輔音的區別在于氣流是否受阻。

②元音發音時氣流不受阻，所以在對元音和輔音進行描述時不能采用相同的方式。

4．Notes on the vowel chart（對于元音音圖的說明）

①Vowel sounds are notorious for varying between one variety of English and the next, often being a key element in what we recognize as different accents.

②There are many other variations in the actual physical articulation of the sounds we have considered here.

①元音在不同的英語變體中發音不同，這常常是導致出現不同方言的一個主要因素。

②在實際的發音過程中，有很多的變體。