Day Four A類小作文（四）

對(duì)比示意圖和組合圖

對(duì)比示意圖是流程圖的一種變體。它們之間的區(qū)別在于：一般的流程圖側(cè)重于多個(gè)步驟之后所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果（比如一個(gè)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中所形成的產(chǎn)品），而對(duì)比示意圖則更注重幾個(gè)不同階段（通常是2～4個(gè)）之間的差異比較。

與普通流程圖相比，對(duì)比示意圖要求雅思考生更具備對(duì)物體形狀、大小、體積（容積）及功用等方面的描寫能力。

請(qǐng)看下面一道經(jīng)典的對(duì)比示意圖：

The diagrams below show stages in the development of simple cooking equipment.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

整個(gè)圖中的cooking equipment從最簡單的Stage A一直發(fā)展到較為復(fù)雜的Stage C。從分段的角度來說，可以考慮把Stage A和Stage B放在主體段一描寫，把內(nèi)容較多的Stage C放到主體段二里面去寫。

【原創(chuàng)范例】

In Stage A, the cooking vessel is in the shape of a large vase, under which there are several stones to hold some firewood that heats the food inside the vase.The fact that this tall container has a narrow mouth makes it extremely difficult to put in and take out food.This problem is successfully solved in Stage B, where the much shorter cooking vessel is formed essentially by a circle of clay shield with a wide mouth as well as a side opening.Firewood is both put at its bottom and inserted from the opening, while some sizable stones are placed within the shield.

下面的主體段二圍繞最復(fù)雜的Stage C來展開：

【原創(chuàng)范例】

The cooking equipment becomes far more complicated in Stage C as it is made up of two parts. As a matter of fact, the lower part is a modification of the clay shield in the previous stage.While the shield consists of a round and of metal instead of clay, the original side opening is now replaced by a rectangular vent with a sliding door to let charcoal and air in and take ash out.The higher part is a metal container with clay lining as some sort of insulation.We can use the handle at the side to hold the container in place, and there are three triangular pieces of metal to support a pot.The bottom of the container is in fact a grate to allow charcoal to be burnt.

綜合兩個(gè)段落來看，其中有三個(gè)表示“由……組成/構(gòu)成”的表達(dá)方式：

be formed essentially by……

be made up of……

consist of……

另外還有不少動(dòng)詞不定式，來表達(dá)事物的功能或目的：

to hold some firewood that heats the food inside the vase

to put in and take out food

to let charcoal and air in and take ash out

to hold the container in place

to support a pot

to allow charcoal to be burnt

歸納起來，對(duì)比示意圖有以下三大要領(lǐng)需要掌握：

1.具備“看圖識(shí)字”的能力，根據(jù)圖形寫出文字。

2.具備對(duì)物體的形狀及功能的描寫能力，使用恰當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~和名詞。

3.具備運(yùn)用動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)及動(dòng)詞不定式的能力，來描述事物的構(gòu)造及功能。

對(duì)比示意圖練習(xí)

The diagrams below show some principles of house design for cool climates and for warm climates.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

對(duì)比示意圖小貼士

與流程圖相似的是，對(duì)比示意圖（profile diagram）也是一種基本沒有數(shù)據(jù)的圖形。它的主要考查點(diǎn)在于檢驗(yàn)考生對(duì)兩個(gè)相對(duì)的事物或一個(gè)事物兩個(gè)相對(duì)的方面進(jìn)行描述的能力。歷年出現(xiàn)過的考題既有要求對(duì)洪水災(zāi)區(qū)的兩種解決方法優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的描述，也有對(duì)超市兩個(gè)選址的各自利弊的描寫等。

對(duì)付這類題型的關(guān)鍵是必須要掌握“優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)”的多樣表達(dá)，以及對(duì)比關(guān)系連詞的靈活使用?，F(xiàn)舉例句型如下：

……is a far better solution than……because……

In comparison，……seems to have more……than……

Compared with……，……offers greater convenience in that……

All in all, the advantages of……far outweigh its disadvantages.

如果對(duì)比示意圖展示的是兩件產(chǎn)品或兩個(gè)物件，那么我們可以從以下的五個(gè)層面進(jìn)行逐一描寫：

1.形狀與輪廓（form and shape）

2.材料與部件（material and component）

3.尺寸與容積（size and volume）

4.連接與通道（connection and channel）

5.比較與對(duì)照（comparison and contrast）

掌握這五大原則，任何物品的對(duì)比示意圖都可以按部就班、有條不紊地描寫出來。

組合圖之所以成為一種較難的復(fù)雜圖表，就在于它是由若干個(gè)（一般為2～3個(gè)）簡單圖表組合而成。這些簡單圖表包括我們之前分析的曲線圖、柱狀圖、餅形圖和表格圖。既然出現(xiàn)在一道題目里面，這2～3個(gè)簡單圖表一定是關(guān)于同一個(gè)主題的，而且有可能存在某些密切的聯(lián)系。

請(qǐng)看下面一個(gè)由流程圖加餅形圖所構(gòu)成的組合圖：

原題是這樣寫的：The diagrams show how chocolate is made and how the price of a chocolate bar is divided up among those involved in the process.

Summarise the information by choosing and reporting the key features, and make comparisons where relevant.

首先我們必須了解，組合圖的主體段就是按照?qǐng)D表的類型來進(jìn)行分段的，因此針對(duì)上面的組合圖，我們的主體段一應(yīng)該描述上面的流程圖，主體段二來分析下面的餅形圖。

在流程圖中，從一開始的cocoa grinding到最后的chocolate bar，這條主線的步驟一共有四個(gè)。副線有兩條：一是由cocoa grinding產(chǎn)生了waste；二是對(duì)cocoa liquor進(jìn)行擠壓（pressing），變成cocoa butter和cocoa powder，而cocoa powder最終進(jìn)入了food industry。

【原創(chuàng)范例】

First of all, a large quantity of cocoa beans are ground to make cocoa liquor, although some waste is also produced.In the second stage, while the majority of the cocoa liquor is turned into industrial chocolate, a considerable portion of it is being pressed to become both cocoa butter and cocoa powder.On the one hand, cocoa powder is delivered to the food industry as an essential foodstuff.On the other hand, industrial chocolate is mixed with cocoa butter as well as sugar and other ingredients.It is only in this way that the final product of chocolate bar can be created.

這段是對(duì)流程圖的寫作，因此在寫每一個(gè)步驟的時(shí)候，我們必須加入一些動(dòng)詞來構(gòu)成完整的句子，而且在很多情況下，動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)更經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在流程圖的作文中。下列為該段中所有的動(dòng)詞表達(dá)方式：

are ground to make……

is also produced

is turned into……

is being pressed to become……

is delivered to……

is mixed with……

can be created

在引出每一個(gè)步驟時(shí)，該段運(yùn)用了大量的信號(hào)詞：

first of all

in the second stage

on the one hand

on the other hand

it is only in this way that……

另外，該段也使用了不少量詞來修飾名詞：

a large quantity of

the majority of

a considerable portion of

在餅圖中，一共有五塊百分比構(gòu)成。為了避免“報(bào)流水賬”，我們可以先將最大的一塊（37%）單獨(dú)寫，然后把反差較大的34%和4%放在一起進(jìn)行對(duì)比，最后把數(shù)值接近的10%和15%歸入一句話中描寫。

【原創(chuàng)范例】

When it comes to how different parties divide the price of a chocolate bar, the cost of ingredients and overheads take the lion’s share（37%）.While supermarkets account for a little more than one third of the price, only a small fraction（4%）goes to the farmers.In comparison with chocolate companies that represent 10%of the total price, taxes for chocolate bars constitute 15%.

該段采用了一些地道的句型：

When it comes to……，……

While……，……

In comparison with……，……

由于整個(gè)段落是在分析百分比，因此出現(xiàn)了大量表示“占……比例”的用語：

take the lion's share（占最大的份額）

account for

represent

constitute

而在講farmers所占的比例時(shí)，用了極為簡單、卻非常有效的動(dòng)詞詞組：

only a small fraction（4%）goes to……

由此可見，在雅思寫作中，無論用高難詞還是用簡單的表達(dá)方式，同樣都可以獲得理想的成績，關(guān)鍵在于用詞一定要靈活，千萬不能死守在一兩個(gè)單詞或用語上，變化和變通才是寫作的硬道理。

組合圖練習(xí)

A.

The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

B.

The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

組合圖范文

The climograph below shows average monthly temperatures and rainfall in the city of Kolkata.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The chart compares average figures for temperature and precipitation over the course of a calendar year in Kolkata.

It is noticeable that monthly figures for precipitation in Kolkata vary considerably, whereas monthly temperatures remain relatively stable.Rainfall is highest from July to August, while temperatures are highest in April and May.

Between the months of January and May, average temperatures in Kolkata rise from their lowest point at around 20℃ to a peak of just over 30℃.Average rainfall in the city also rises over the same period, from approximately 20mm of rain in January to 100mm in May.

While temperatures stay roughly the same for the next four months, the amount of rainfall more than doubles between May and June. Figures for precipitation remain above 250mm from June to September, peaking at around 330mm in July.The final three months of the year see a dramatic fall in precipitation, to a low of about 10mm in December, and a steady drop in temperatures back to the January average.

組合圖小貼士

對(duì)付組合圖最好的方法還是把它看作是普通圖表的一種拼湊，然后逐一描寫、各個(gè)擊破。當(dāng)然其中的詳略你可以根據(jù)圖表信息量的多少自行安排。如果一邊的圖沒有多少內(nèi)容可寫，我們就簡略地用三言兩語進(jìn)行勾勒；而另一邊的表格數(shù)據(jù)龐雜，那就應(yīng)該對(duì)其進(jìn)行挑選，并分組描寫，所以主體部分的段落篇幅并不是平均的。

如果各圖表之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系較為明顯，或者你通過對(duì)主體段的數(shù)據(jù)分析及對(duì)比，發(fā)現(xiàn)了某種潛在的規(guī)律，你就可以把這種聯(lián)系或規(guī)律放在結(jié)尾段去寫。如果實(shí)在發(fā)現(xiàn)不了規(guī)律，那也沒關(guān)系，可以根據(jù)自己感受最深的某一個(gè)圖表做出總結(jié)陳詞。

在圖表與圖表之間的段落過渡部分，我們經(jīng)常采用如下的表達(dá)方式：

In terms of……

Turning to……

As to……

Regarding……

Then we look at……

When it comes to……

As far as……is concerned，……