泰國曼谷米特大廈

地點：泰國曼谷沙通南路125號

設計公司：WHOA建筑事務所

占地面積：11360.50m2

建筑面積：112833.523m2

高度：230.56m

層數：66

攝影師：帕特里克·賓漢-哈爾

High-rise designs have traditionally followed temperate models, which were developed in New York or Chicago with cold weather and strong winds. This resulted in apartments that are compact, insulated from the exterior and without sun shading or overhangs. Buildings are protective shells designed to shield the inhabitants from the harsh weather.

By contrast, design for the tropics should take advantage of year-round warm weather, capture breezes, and be laid out for cross-ventilation, incorporating outdoor spaces, verandahs and gardens. Buildings are framing minimal environmental devices for an indoor-outdoor lifestyle.

The designed fa?ade introduces views to both the city and the river, and enhance the gentle breezes by funneling them between towers. The gaps between the towers are bridged with sky gardens that provide exterior entertaining areas directly off living areas - pools and gardens. The orientation of the staggered blocks allows the sun to daily penetrate between the blocks on its regular tropical sun-path.

The design is inspired by Thai forms - thai tiles, textiles and timber panelling, abstracted and used as a way to organize forms. The cladding, for instance, uses temple tiles as an inspiration, while the staggered arrangement of the balconies recalls the Thai teak staggered panelling on traditional houses.

The solution creates appropriate tropical living at extremely high densities - a plot ratio of 10:1.

Located between two train stations, the development permits higher use of existing infrastructure, and a practical way of dealing with Bangkok's urban sprawl and terrible traffic jams. In Bangkok public transport is used by all sectors of society, as it is often the only way to move through the grid-locked city.

The building is planted on every horizontal surface, creating almost 100% landscape ratio. Additionally, vertical faces are shaded by green creeper screens, rising up the full 66 storeys. Balconies are provided with private planters.

Most tropical high-rise housing in developing countries is designed by consultants from temperate countries replicating cold-climate models. However, in the tropics light winds, year-round balmy weather, constant temperatures and high humidity make outdoor living desirable. In addition, the environmental conditions up high in dense Asian cities are preferable to those near the ground.

To make the most of these opportunities, this project creates cross-ventilated tropical houses in the sky with breezeways, full exposure to light and views, outdoor living areas, planters and high-rise gardens, and open-air communal terraces with barbeques, libraries, spas and other facilities. These sky terraces, both private and public, link the blocks every 5 storeys, creating dramatic yet human-scaled external spaces in the sky.

The design is an innovative solution to the issues of density in tropical Asian cities, and offers a new model for high-density tropical housing. The concept of a naturally ventilated, perforated, indoor-outdoor, green tower is a necessary alternative to the sealed, glazed curtain wall buildings being erected across the tropical regions.

FEATURE 特點分析

Ecology

The project stands for the residential design on high-temperature, high-rise and high-density. Considering ecology and livability, the design incorporates a staggered arrangement of blocks that allow cross ventilation. All apartments are cross ventilated, and all face north and south. The taggered block arrangement gives all apartments access to light and air on all four sides, more privacy, better security, better views, stronger breezes, less noise and less dust.

生態

本項目是高溫高層高密度的住宅設計的代表，從生態和宜居等方面思考和創新，采用錯開的方塊來創造空氣對流的環境。所有的公寓都做到南北前后通風，從四面獲得充足的光照和空氣，擁有更多的安全感與私密感、更好的景色、更強的風、更少的噪聲與塵土。

一直以來，高層建筑設計都遵循著由紐約或芝加哥發展而來的溫帶模式，那些地方風力強、溫度低，這導致其公寓設計緊湊，與外界絕緣，沒有遮陽或懸臂結構。其建筑成了在惡劣氣候下保護住戶的外殼。

相反，熱帶地區全年氣候溫暖，在建筑設計過程中，設計者應該把這種優勢考慮進來，去捕捉微風，讓空氣對流，加設室外空間、陽臺和花園。用最少的環境設備來提供戶內外結合的生活方式。

本案獨特的立面讓住戶們既能看到城市，又能看到河流，同時加強微風在大樓之間的流通。各大樓之間用空中花園橋連接，為住戶們直接提供外部娛樂生活區——泳池和花園。錯開方塊的布置使太陽光在其熱帶行進軌跡上每天都能照射在方塊之間。

設計的靈感來源于泰國的各種形式，如泰國的瓷磚、紡織、原木鑲板等的形式，它們被抽離出來并組織成建筑的各種形式。例如，覆層的靈感來自寺院里的磚塊，而交錯布置的陽臺則讓人想到泰式傳統住宅中的柚木鑲板。

此設計以一種適當的方式解決了容積率高達10∶1的熱帶高密度居住問題。

該項目坐落在兩個火車站之間，能更好地利用現有的基礎設施應對曼谷城區的無計劃擴張和嚴重的交通阻塞。曼谷各個領域的人都使用公共交通，因為它往往是通過城市網的唯一途徑。

建筑的每個水平面上都有植栽，景觀率幾乎達到100%。爬山虎墻覆蓋了整個66層高的垂直立面，陽臺上還有私人植栽。

大多數發展中國家的熱帶高層建筑都是由來自溫帶國家的顧問根據冷氣候建筑模板設計的。但是，在熱帶地區，輕風、全年溫和的氣候、恒溫和高濕度使人們非常向往戶外生活。另外，在人口密度高的亞洲城市，高層生活環境也優于地上生活環境。

為了更好地利用這些優勢，該項目創造了空氣對流型熱帶公寓，帶有通風廊，全方位地引入光和景，還有高層花園、帶燒烤區的露天陽臺、圖書館、水療館以及其他設施。這些空中陽臺，既是私人的，又是公共的，每五層就有一個，創造了一種奇妙而適于人類的外部空間。

此設計是對熱帶亞洲城市居住密度問題的創新解決方式，為熱帶高密度住宅提供了一個新模式。這個自然通風的、貫穿的、擁有室內及室外空間的綠色建筑，比起當前矗立在熱帶地區的封閉式玻璃幕墻建筑，是取而代之的不二之選。